The Lost Secret of Research Paper Apa Template

The Lost Secret of Research Paper Apa Template The Nuiances of Research Paper Apa Template While there are invariably an unlimited number of suggestions to grab, a number of them have been overused. It is helpful to compose an outline so as to organize your ideas and your source material before you start reviewing the reference material. Thus you should choose an approach point of view in which you control over your work. When you've already decided what topic you are going to be writing about, the following thing you ought to pay attention to is the range of your paper or what you're going to be including in your discussion. Attempt not to procrastinate, the more time you must work on the paper the simpler it will be. Then write the abstract part of your paper only after you're completely finished writing your paper. Making a research paper is not a simple matter to do. Writing a research paper is sort of interesting as you dig into various interesting material to place in your paper. Nobody will argue that It's quite challenging to compose an academic paper if there's no structure for it. Your name appears double-spaced too, under the paper title. If you would like to compose a productive assignment, you need to take very great care of all the features, layout, structure, grammar etc.. Additionally, anyone interested in the topic matter of the research paper can look to the section to discover extra sources to find out more. Not only are you going to be in a position to better understand the works you're building on, but your network of citations may supply you with further fuel to make your own one of a kind work. Your document may have an intricate structure, especially in the event the principal body will be big. How to Get Started with Research Paper Apa Template? You could also use a citation maker to aid you in formatting your references. A citation is comparatively easy to make. The citation is only going to be sorted right after the document is ex ported to the internet generator. A more complete citation should show up in the reference list at the close of the paper. For your work to be accepted in the area of academia, it's very critical for you to structure your paper according to a certain research writing format whether it's an MLA or APA writing style. Writing a research paper may be challenging and time consuming approach. The academic writing falls in the class of formal as it's impersonal. Much like a math problem, a diagram helps students learn to implement MLA format by themselves. Generally speaking, it is nearly not possible for a student to understand how to compose a superb academic paper. Students could rather seek the help of writing companies. They need to be able to communicate effectively with their supervisor and panelists in a way that conflict is not stirred. The Hidden Secret of Research Paper Apa Template There are many advantages to hiring APA editing services. An APA editor makes certain that the prepared document follows the appropriate style. The abstract may be quite brief, but it's so essential that the official APA style manual identifies it as the most significant paragraph in your whole paper. MLA research style doesn't comprise a unique software, but it allows several possibilities meant for recording main qualities of a work. There are a number of MLA title rules. Should you need help formatting citations in MLA, you may also seek th e services of a professional an academic editor to assist. Writing using the MLA format works cited generator is essential. You might be accustomed to writing papers in another format like MLA or Chicago style, so it may take a while to find the hang of writing in APA format. Research Paper Apa Template Can Be Fun for Everyone The paper must increase the present body of knowledge in the subject of research. In case you're not able to do the research paper as a result of any reason, you can rely on ProfEssays to write for you in accordance to your requirements. There various steps one must follow so as to create a very good research paper. A research paper represents a person's own perceptions and how an individual comprehends a particular topic. The Ultimate Research Paper Apa Template Trick The editor's communication may also indicate how well the both of you will get the job done together. The editors can utilize Microsoft track changes so that you will have the ability to find out what has been changed. The absolute most important thing when selecting an editor through an on-line editing service is to locate somebody who keeps your voice in the manuscript while at the exact same time improving the flow, clarity, and grammar. An APA editor with a huge repertoire of writing skills will understand how to present the ideas in the strongest way.

Total War During World War II - 1367 Words

Definition: What is meant by the concept of Total War? Total war is best described as a country’s 100% effort. All means of production and accomplishment are geared towards what is the best way to win a war. How was WWII the maximum example of Total War? Most Allies and Axis countries, namely Germany, had geared their economy towards pouring all their resources into the attempt of winning the war. In no other war was this done as much as it was during World War II. Mass Produced Warfare: Compare the military production of the various major Allied and Axis powers during WWII. What observations can you make about the outcome of the war based on this information? There are many ways of defining military production, but in the broadest way,†¦show more content†¦By not taking in other factors, and by looking at production amounts only, it is obvious that the Allies would win. There was no means of resources that the Axis powers excelled in, and had few people who fought in the war. Both sides of the war had at this time undergone industrial revolutions, had at least somewhat equal caliber machinery. This means that it would be almost physically impossible for the Axis to defeat the Allies. Strategic Bombing: What do the websites say about the effectiveness of bombing campaigns in disrupting the war effort of the Axis during WWII? According to the majority of the information on the websites, the bombing campaigns put in place by the Allies were not very effective. The main goal of the bombing campaigns were to break the morale of the Axis citizens, specifically Germany. This was done by instead of fully wiping out cities, leaving them only half damaged to show the power of the armies. However, these bombings did little to no damage to the will of Germans. People still were willing to support the Nazi cause. The German economy was very much destroyed, thanks to the bombing efforts, but military production was still proceeding, as the Germans were prepared for the Total War involved. It is also stated that as a result of the bombings, Germany’s mobility was shrunken, as they could not move as fast as they wanted. What about the collateral damage involved? The amount of collateral damage that the

Ethical Considerations of Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court free essay sample

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for (CMRJ 500) March 21, 2011 Abstract Juveniles in the criminal justice system are a special population. Throughout history juveniles have been looked at as needing to be protected from the harsh realities that face adults daily. The juvenile justice system has primarily operated in a parens patriae capacity and protected the rights of those that were legally incapable of protecting themselves such as minor children and the mentally ill. From 1987-1993 the juvenile homicide rate doubled causing critics and conservatives to questions the approach of the juvenile justice community calling it ‘soft on crime’ Steiner  amp; Wright,  (2006). There are strong arguments on both sides of the debate regarding placement of juveniles into the adult criminal justice system. When looking at the issues surrounding juvenile waiver policy it is helpful to remember that young minds can still be molded, and transformations can be easier to achieve with young minds than with adult minds. Due to this idea, and the fact that the juvenile justice system has historically been geared towards rehabilitation rather than punishment, therapy rather than retribution should be foremost in the minds of people involved in juvenile waiver processing and policy making. In the following pages the issues surrounding juvenile waiver will be analyzed from an ethical standpoint. Issues with subjects such as restorative justice, deterrence, conservative arguments, liberal arguments, super predators, flaws in the system, and an informed conclusion based upon what the studies imply about the effect of juvenile waiver on our youth. Keywords: Juvenile waiver, Juveniles in adult court, Juveniles in prisons Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction4 Literature review 5 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Court officials must do a balancing act when dealing with adjudicated juveniles dispositions. The interests of public safety need to be balanced with the needs of the youth when making decisions about which level of constraint is required in regards to juvenile dispositions. There is a considerable amount of argument about whether juveniles should be subject to the adult criminal justice system. This is to say that a juvenile who has committed a violent person offence cannot necessarily be put out in the community on probation and in many people’s opinion they should be punished more severely. For the safety of the public the juvenile in this case must be incarcerated or put into an institution. Are we really doing the juvenile involved justice by going as far as putting him in an adult institution though? Are there less restrictive ways to insure the safety of the public while still taking the juveniles needs into consideration? Less restrictive ways that would rehabilitate the juvenile rather than label him as delinquent or a lost cause and put him in prison have always been supported by the juvenile system. The juvenile justice system is, and has for the most part been geared towards rehabilitation of the offenders. This is due to the age of the offender and the fact that the juvenile, in most cases, will be released someday. For this reason, it is in our best interests to advocate for successful reintegration programs for juveniles, rather than harsher sentencing. Juvenile justice is a very important subfield of criminal justice. Many in the criminal justice field view deterrence at the juvenile level, from future criminal ideations, as the answer to much of the crime problem. If this tenet is followed then it makes sense to try to deter the unlawful behavior in juveniles before they turn into the next population of adult convicts. Many say that the answer is to give juvenile offenders harsher penalties including the use of adult sanctioning and more punitive practices. Others advocate for treatment and protection from the adversarial nature of the adult system in the spirit of the, not so long ago history of our juvenile system. Our juvenile justice system is still, for the most part in its infancy. The first public reformatory was founded in 1825 in New York. It was called the New York House of Refuge and was designed to help youth that were poor, abused, or orphaned with clothing, food, and shelter Champion, (2005). It wasn’t until 1945 that all states had passed legislation to establish a separate juvenile court system Champion, (2005). Before the establishment of these juvenile courts systems youth were dealt with by civil courts and other non-legal entities. We have come a long way from these humble origins and we still have a long way to go. In the last 60-70 years many things have changed and we have had to implement different strategies in attempting to find the most efficient way of dealing with juvenile crime. One of the more controversial practices in the juvenile justice system is the use of the adult court system to give harsher penalties. This strategy has been implemented in the hopes of frightening youth into desisting from further delinquent actions. Literature Review On any given night a person can turn on the news and hear numerous stories about juvenile predators and crime spree’s. During the late eighties through the mid nineties there was a dramatic rise in juvenile crime. This trend peaked in 1994 with over 13,000 cases being waived into adult courts Adams, amp; Addie, (2007). The chart shown below shows that the goals of increasing waivers for violent person offenses was not accomplished and that the majority of juvenile offenders that were waived was for property offense rather than for violent crimes. The decline in crime from 1994-2007 is attributed to an actual decline in crime, but also could be due to the statutory waiver laws that require certain crimes that are committed by juveniles to be filed directly in adult courts. By automatically waiving certain cases juvenile statistics do not show these cases at all. The offense profile and characteristics of cases judicially waived to criminal court have changed considerably Offense/ demographic 1985 1994 2007 Total cases waived 7,200 13,100 8,500 Most serious offense Person 33% 42% 48% Property 53 % 37% 27% Drugs 5% 12% 13 % Public order 9% 9% 11% Gender Male 95% 95% 90% Female5% 5% 10% Age at referral 15 or younger 7% 13% 12% 16 or older 93% 87% 88% Chart provided by Adams, amp; Addie, (2007). This dramatic shift in crime rates of violent juveniles was mostly portrayed in the media. The power of the media over public opinion gave rise to the term ‘super predator’ being used to describe juveniles being accused of and convicted of heinous crimes. Many thought that these types of violent crimes were reserved for the adult population. This caused outcry from the public to get tough on crime. During election years politicians would say that they would enact tougher laws to deal with crimes and criminals. This brought legislation to light that would shift juvenile policies from its historical parens patriae doctrine to a more punitive system that aimed to exact a price that fit the crime from the offender. Juvenile transfer to adult court allowed juveniles accused of serious offenses to be tried in adult court to make the punishments more severe and still maintain the juvenile system’s rehabilitative nature. This was a shift that was brought about by people such as Florida representative Bill McCollum supporting adult sanctions for juveniles, saying serious juvenile offenders should be thrown in jail, the key should be thrown away and there should be very little or no effort to rehabilitate them Redding, (1999, p. 1). Before going into some of the arguments for and against the use of juvenile waiver the ways in which it is implemented will be discussed briefly as they pertain to how the use of this provision can be just or unjust in some cases. There are three general forms of juvenile transfer. Concurrent jurisdiction laws allow prosecutors to use their good judgment and decide whether to file a case in juvenile court or directly to criminal court. Statutory exclusion laws award criminal courts original jurisdiction over specific classes of juvenile offenses. Judicial waiver laws authorize or, sometimes require juvenile judges to remove certain youth from juvenile court jurisdiction to be tried as adults in criminal court Adams, amp; Addie, (2007). The debate over juvenile transfer to adult court it has been waged for many years regarding whether juveniles should be tried and punished in the adult criminal justice system or should be kept within the juvenile system. There are several valid arguments on both sides. Proponents of adult sanctions for juveniles that commit certain crimes state two major goals for juvenile waiver to criminal court. The first was the sentencing hypothesis. This hypothesis states that the juvenile system is too lenient and therefore, it is necessary to transfer juveniles to adult court to give them harsher penalties. The second theory that has been touted as the answer to juvenile crime issues is the deterrence theory. This theory states that if the punishment is severe enough the youth will be less apt to commit crimes or think twice before they do at the very least. The sentencing hypothesis for the most part is unfounded. However, one case that demonstrates that juveniles transferred can get, to a large extent, harsher sanctions in the adult system is defendant Joe Harris Sullivan who was sentenced to life without parole for a non-homicide crime at age 13. This case is one of two cases used to challenge the use of life without parole as unconstitutional. This challenge is based on the eighth amendment’s disproportionality principle that states that the sentence cannot be grossly disproportionate to the crime Hudson, (2009). Sullivan is 33 years old now, confined to a wheelchair, and one of only two people that was sentenced to life without parole at age 13 for and offense that was non-homicide Hudson, (2009). He also still contends that he was not the one who committed the crime and that it was an older co-defendant instead. This case is a good example of the possibility for extremely severe sanctions being given to youth that have been tried in criminal court. Many juveniles transferred to the criminal court receive longer prison sentences in 11 out of 16 categories, than adults who committed comparable crimes Mole, amp; White, (2005). The deterrence hypothesis involves the theory that the fear that a youth can be transferred to adult court and given a sanction such as the one given in the case of Sullivan will make a youth afraid to commit severe crimes. The logic behind this theory is sound, it stands to reason that the threat of severe consequences and the loss of liberty or even life would make anyone think twice before committing a violent or severe crime. The deterrence theory contends that there must be three precepts before achieving deterrence. There must be certainty, severity, and celerity. While some cases that are transferred show severity, and celerity they usually are not certain and many youth receive probation or the case is dropped. The opponents of adult sanctioning for juveniles show considerable reasoning to support their stance on this subject. There are many studies that discount the reasoning that supports the deterrent effects of adult sanctioning and show that it does not deter re-offending patterns among juveniles. There is also reasonable support for not transferring youth based on the lack of maturity and possibility of rehabilitation being higher among youth. Another consideration is the resulting adult incarceration can do considerable damage to youth through learning theories and increased threat of physical assault. The last consideration with respect to supporting non-transfer is the fact that many youth are not transferred for violent offenses in the majority of cases but are transferred for misdemeanor offenses and nonperson offenses. To have a deterrent effect on juveniles there are three guidelines that need to be present to achieve the effect that is desired. While in some cases severity in sentencing for youthful offenders transferred to adult court has been supported many studies find that severe sanctioning of juveniles is not supported by the research. One study found that transferred youth did not receive harsher penalties, were not necessarily imprisoned, and did not necessarily receive longer sentences than their adult or their juvenile counterparts Urbina,,  amp;  White,  (2009). One measure of the deterrent effect is the rates of recidivism for youth waived to adult court. The majority of studies have found either no effect or negative effects on recidivism rates for transferred juveniles. This is supported by Jordan amp; Myers, (2008), Mole amp; White, (2005), Redding, (2010) amp; (1999), Sellers  amp;  Arrigo,  (2009), and Steiner  amp; Wright,  (2006). One study of long term recidivism showed short term recidivism results were comparable to most studies showing higher rates of recidivism for transferred youth but over the long term rates were more matched and showed no significant differences between transferred youth and non-transferred youth Winner, Lanza-Kaduce, Bishop,  amp; Frazier,  (1997). Overall the deterrence theory is not supported by studies. The literature suggests that psychological maturity is not assessed in the waiver process Sellers,  amp;  Arrigo, (2009). The reality that juveniles still struggle to define their identity means it is less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character, , for a greater possibility exists that a minors character deficiencies can be reformed. Kennedy wrote for the majority in Roper vs. Simmons in 2005 Hudson, (2009). This evidence suggests that juveniles may be committing adult crimes but that they do no grasp the gravity of the consequences and in this should not be exposed to the dangers of the adult prison systems. The damage that can be done to juveniles is much greater than some would expect. There are unintended psychological consequences to diverting youth into the criminal court system. The sight and sound provisions do not apply once the youth is transferred this causes youth to be housed with adult populations Mole, amp; White, (2005). Due to this fact they are 7. 7 times more likely to commit suicide and 5 times more likely to experience sexual assault within the adult prison system Mole, amp; White, (2005). This raises serious concerns about the psychological damage that can be done to a juvenile put into this situation. Ethical considerations and peacemaking values would question this practice from all of the three perspectives of connectedness, caring, and mindfulness. There is also a considerable amount of juveniles that, when interviewed state that they earned more about criminal mores and how to commit crimes from their adult interactions Redding, (2010). When the laws regarding juvenile waiver were enacted their main purpose was to target youth that were either violent offenders or that were repeat offenders that did not respond to treatment given in the juvenile system. However, when these laws were expanded to make transfers easier, it had a profound impact on the population that was effected. The expansion made transfer possible for youth that were not violent and also extended transfer to youth accused of misdemeanor, and even status offenses in some cases. In other words, children were being transferred for the wrong reasons. In 1999 only 34% of youth transferred were for violent person crimes, 40% involved property offenses such as theft, 16% were drug offenses, and 11% were public order offenses Mole, amp; White, (2005). Many of these laws were made as statutory exclusions which took away the courts power of discretion and automatically transferred youth even when it may not have been warranted. All in all many of the youth that are transferred are not necessarily violent offenders and in many cases overall they would be better off in the juvenile system where they would receive the treatment that they desperately need to be successfully reintegrated at some point. Studies even show that the treatment that is denied to youth that are transferred is effective in rehabilitating even the violent offender populations so the consequences to youth that are transferred seems to outweigh any possible benefits Redding, (1999). Conclusion One very important question regarding juvenile transfer laws is do the ends justify the means. In this case the overwhelming evidence shows that juvenile waiver does not accomplish any of the goals that were set for it. Even if the three precepts of certainty, severity, and celerity for deterrence are present and working as they should the main measure of deterrence is the recidivism rates going down to show that juveniles are effectively being deterred from further criminal behaviors due to the harsher sanctions of criminal courts. In this case the overwhelming majority of research points to the fact that waiver to adult court is actually doing more damage than good. When assessing policy implications from the research some important implications are pointed out as a result of research. The first is to limit the use of transfer to violent crimes and consider using evidence based practices and rehabilitation that has been proven to be effective for juveniles instead of waivers that have proven to be ineffective Redding, (1999). The sentencing and deterrence theories that proponents say will occur as a result of juvenile transfer are proven again and again to be ineffective in getting the intended results. Because of the preponderance of evidence that points to the ineffective policy of waiving juveniles to adult criminal courts it makes sense to make these laws only applicable in cases of murder and certain violent crimes. Experts have come up with several reasons why the rates of recidivism are so high for juvenile that are waived they are. * The stigmatization and other negative effects of labeling juveniles as convicted felons. * The sense of resentment and injustice that juveniles feel about being tried and punished as adults. * The learning of the criminal way of life and behaviors while incarcerated with adult offenders. The reduced focus on rehabilitation and family support in the adult system Redding, (2010). From an ethical standpoint the use of juvenile waiver should be reserved for only the worst of the worst offenders and should be applied much more judiciously in the future. Transferring youth into the adult courts does more damage than it is worth and in most cases the e nds do not justify the means.

Monitoring Children and Young People’s Development Essay Example

Monitoring Children and Young People’s Development Essay Explain How to Monitor Children and Young People’s Development Using Different Methods It is necessary to monitor child development to ensure that assessments can be made to help identify children at risk and prevent those who are not yet at risk becoming at risk. Early intervention is crucial to lessen the likelihood of developmental delay. There are several ways of carrying out monitoring/observations to gather the necessary information. In all of them it is crucial to involve parents and any staff that have contact with that child and also to focus on the positive as well as any negative aspects of care. Methods of observation include: 1. Checklist The child has development checked against a list of specific milestones that should be reached at a particular stage. A good example of this checklist is the one use by Health Visitors in the child’s ‘red book’ where developmental milestones are checked at particular ages, starting at 6 weeks until the reach school age. 2. Graphs and Charts Graphs and charts are quick and easy but only provide general information and may well not identify any cause for issues. 3. Naturalistic This is a factual account of what is seen and heard during a normal course of events. An example of this would be a MSA in a playground watching an event occur so feedback can be given to teaching staff. This may help identify ongoing issues such as bullying. 4. Structured These are a factual accounts that will describe how a child tackles a preset activity such as a simple maths task in Foundation stage. Notes are made as to whether the child could complete the task, what issues they had and how difficult they found it. 5. Focus Child One child is assessed for a specific time, events are recorded using pre set categories. . Time Sample This is the recording of information at regular intervals through a particular session. 7. Event Sample This describes specific types of behaviour or events over a period of time. 8. Diary/Longitudinal Study Separate observations carried out over a period of weeks or months. For example a child who has struggled in their reading will be monitored over a period of time where further support is given so their progress can be assessed and if required further intervention can take place. We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring Children and Young People’s Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring Children and Young People’s Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Monitoring Children and Young People’s Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer