Free Essays on Facism

Facism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people's will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism is Italy's Benito Mussolini and Germany's Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fascism can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are main philosophers who's beliefs and ideologies greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel (1847-1922) was a French social philosopher who had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies naturally became decadent and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsche (1844-1900) theorized that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from t... Free Essays on Facism Free Essays on Facism Facism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people's will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism is Italy's Benito Mussolini and Germany's Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fascism can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are main philosophers who's beliefs and ideologies greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel (1847-1922) was a French social philosopher who had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies naturally became decadent and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsche (1844-1900) theorized that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from t... Free Essays on Facism Fascism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism is Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fascism can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are main philosophers who’s beliefs and ideologies greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel (1847-1922) was a French social philosopher who had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies naturally became decadent and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsche (1844-1900) theorized that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed th...

Linguistic Arbitrariness

Linguistic Arbitrariness In linguistics, arbitrariness  is the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a words meaning and its sound or form. An antithesis to  sound symbolism, which does exhibit an apparent connection between sound and sense, arbitrariness is one of the characteristics shared between all languages. As R.L. Trask points out in ​Language: The Basics: the overwhelming presence of arbitrariness in language is the chief reason it takes so long to learn the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹vocabulary  of a foreign language. This is largely due to confusion over similar-sounding words in a secondary language.​ Trask goes on to use the example of trying to guess the names of creatures in a foreign language based on the sound and form alone, providing a list of Basque words - zaldi, igel, txori, oilo, behi, sagu, which mean horse, frog, bird, hen, cow, and mouse respectively - then observing that arbitrariness is not unique to humans but instead exists within all forms of communication.   Language Is Arbitrary   Therefore, all language can be assumed to be arbitrary, at least in this linguistic definition of the word, despite occasional iconic characteristics. Instead of universal rules and uniformity, then, language relies on associations of word meanings deriving from cultural conventions. To break this concept down further, linguist Edward Finegan wrote in Language: Its Structure and Use  about the difference between nonarbitrary and arbitrary semiotic signs through an observation of a mother and son burning rice. Imagine a parent trying to catch a few minutes of the televised evening news while preparing dinner, he writes. Suddenly a strong aroma of burning rice wafts into the TV room. This nonarbitrary sign  will send the parent scurrying to salvage dinner. The little boy, he posits, might also signal to his mother that the rice is burning by saying something like The rice is burning! However, Finegan argues that while the utterance is likely to elicit the same result of the mother checking on her cooking, the words themselves are arbitrary - it is a set of facts about  English  (not about burning rice) that enables the utterance to alert the parent, which makes the utterance an arbitrary  sign. Different Languages, Different Conventions As a result of languages reliance on cultural conventions, different languages naturally have different conventions, that can and do change - which is part of the reason that there are different languages in the first place! Second language learners must, therefore, learn each new word individually as its generally impossible to guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word - even when given clues to the words meaning.   Even linguistic rules are considered to be slightly arbitrary. However, Timothy Endicott writes in ​The Value of Vagueness that: with all norms of language, there is a good reason to have such norms for the use of words in such ways. That good reason is that it is actually necessary to do so to achieve the coordination that enables communication, self-expression and all the other priceless benefits of having a language.

Resource Environment - need in 12 hours Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resource Environment - need in 12 hours - Essay Example The environment is the primary source of life and energy that allows all living things to exist, thus, it is important to consider whether innovations, technology and developments will damage or harm the ecosystem. Determining the environmental implications of using alternative fuel sources will enable the government and the concerned groups to understand and analyze how it should be used, or if it should be used at all or it is needed to find other alternative sources. Biofuel comes from living, renewable sources, such as corn and palm oil as opposed to fossil fuel, which comes from fossilized remains of plants and animals. In contrast to biofuel, fossil fuel is considered as non-renewable because of the nature of its existence. It is expected, then, that fossil fuel supply will be depleted depending on the rate of the human consumption of such fuel source. Right now, the main alternative source of fuel is the fossil fuel. Because of the abundance of the fossilized remains of plants and animals, fossil fuel is easy to find though it is non-renewable and considered as a limited resource (Richards, p.134). Because of this, biofuel has been discovered and there is a debate in its use as an alternative to fuel source. The main argument of biofuel proponents is the impact of fossil fuel against the environment in contrast with the environmental-friendly components and use of biofuel. Biofuel claims that there is no carbon dioxide release when it is produced because of the photosythetic process of the plants as opposed to fossil fuel production (Pimentel, p.479). This is partly true, however, carbon dioxide is observed to be released during biomass production and its conversion to fuel (Pimentel, p.479). This is an important factor when looking at the environmental impact of a fuel source since cardon dioxide has an effect in climate change, ecological disturbance and potential damage on humans and animals. This proves that biofuel is not at all

Rhetoric of abraham lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rhetoric of abraham lincoln - Essay Example Slavery and succession were threatening human freedom as well as American union. Therefore, without the turmoil that existed at the time, there would not have been exigency for such rhetoric and action. The following essay is a research paper that builds its argument through comparative analysis of various sources of information on the rhetoric of Abraham Lincoln. Analysis of Lincoln’s rhetoric has led to varied opinions among scholars concerning his literary skills as well as his leadership qualities. Such scholars include Mark Neely, Jr., who is a Lincoln scholar and a Pulitzer Prize winning historian. The other is David Herbert Donald, who is a leading American historian of  Abraham Lincoln  and the Civil War. Neely views Lincoln as reactive and subject to changing events, while Donald sees Lincoln as purposeful and strategic. (1) (2) Donald asserted that Lincoln’s failure to respond and instead choosing to apply passivity was a political strategy. Donald Elabora ted, â€Å"Repeatedly throughout the war, Lincoln’s passive policy worked politically. Because any action would offend somebody, he took as few actions as possible†3 According to Neely, the language that Lincoln uses in addressing Americans has attracted admiration, imitation wonder globally. His shaped his words in public letters, papers, and proclamations. This was meant to explain the purpose of the war and inspire commitment. His stylist success should not blind us to the rather limited nature of these communications. There was little awareness of propaganda in Lincoln or his era and only a rather limited one of shaping public opinion. The stylistic success of the rhetoric is limited to the past nature of such communications. There were no counteractive propaganda tendencies among the Americans that could distort or compromise his rhetoric. Propaganda and criticism spread in the twentieth century with the enhancement of the advertisement sector. His rhetoric prowes s is evident in his first inaugural speech. During his first inaugural speech he introduced the theme through attempting to allay fears of the southern states. His words show that he had dreaded for this moment. According to Salem (2008), he went straight into assuring people that their property would not be snatched as earlier anticipated.4 The speech also indicated that he had no intention of abolishing the slave trade. This declaration portrays him as a leader concerned on the impact of interpretation of the law among the public over addressing the slaves’ peril. The first inaugural speech portrays him as a person concerned about changing the public opinion through making promises that would win their support. He had promised the states that they would be given the freedom to run their internal affairs which did not happen. A closer analysis of the speech confirms that he supported a unified nation and not a government made of independent states. The speech clearly brings out his secession fear and preservation of the unity government. However, he intended to uphold the government union without violence. His rhetoric goal was not only to express himself through the use of complicated grammar, but also capture the attention of the audience. Paying attention helps the audience to get an insight of the message being delivered. Lincoln denied of the existence of any differences between the Southerners and Northerners. 5This was meant to encourage people live in unity as equal residents of one nation. Some parts of the speech were

In what ways do poets portray the exprience of war in Dulce et Decorum Est and in For the Fallen Essay Example for Free

In what ways do poets portray the exprience of war in Dulce et Decorum Est and in For the Fallen Essay Laurence Binyon wrote For the Fallen in 1914, at the beginning of the Great War, while Wilfred Owen composed his Dulce et Decorum Est in 1917-18, by the end of the conflict. This difference in time means that there might be inconsistencies in the portrayal of the war, due to the changing perspectives of the fighting, which in turn would provoke irregularities in the purpose, style and nature of the two poems. In Dulce et Decorum Est, Owen tries to prove us that war has no mighty purpose behind it and that it is just a waste of lives. He describes one soldier dying with verbs such as guttering, choking, drowning and gives an account of the blood which came gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs. This strikingly visceral portrayal of loss of life suggests that he sees nothing spiritual or divine in the sacrifices that the soldiers make for their country. He prefers to depict the experience of the war as true and cruel as it is in reality without sparing the reader. In the poem we are informed about two deaths. The first is due to harsh conditions, when some soldiers dropped behind, while the second is caused by lethal gas that one of the soldier inhales. In both of these cases, the young mens deaths didnt contribute in any way to the protection of their country and they werent even fighting when they passed away. This suggests that war is just a waste of human life which wont secure Englands peace. In For the Fallen, Binyon tells us that the soldiers have fallen in the cause of the free, thus suggesting that they try to make the world a better place, that they fight for something good. This gives war a mighty purpose and to the deaths meaning. This idea of for the greater good is further highlighted in the phrase a glory that shines upon our tears, which conveys the idea that the sacrifices of the soldiers contribute to the welfare of society and thats why everybody should be proud of those who are fighting. It is clear that the two poems depict the meaning and purpose of the war very differently. While Owen indicates that war is a meaningless and cruel waste, Binyon tries to cast a better light upon the deaths of the soldiers, giving their sacrifices a higher significance and thus implying that war with all its faults is for the greater good. In Owens poem the soldiers going to the fight are like old beggars under sacks, coughing like hags blood shot and drunk with fatigue. Many had lost their boots, implying that they cannot face the harsh conditions of the war and that they are even unable to look after their essential belongings. The description of bootless beggars is humiliating, while their tiredness and the hag simile suggests that there are lethargic and hopeless. Their physical appearance isnt attractive either. All these depict the soldiers as tired, old and humiliated men who are unable to face life and are completely incompetent in war. However, in Binyons version the soldiers went with songs to the battle, suggesting their fearlessness and gaiety. They were young, straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow. This phrase conveys an admiration for the almost divine soldiers who seem to be the incarnation of some hero from a childs tale powerful, handsome and determined men who save the world. This image of glorious warriors seems to be taken out of a happy-end story rather than the realism to satisfy the audience. Once again the dissimilarity between the two accounts is obvious. Owen sticks to the merciless truth, while Binyon sees something beyond the harsh experience of the war. Actually, he seems to use the brutality of the fighting and the deaths to emphasise the greatness and divinity of the soldiers. In Dulce et decorum Est soldiers die either to the harsh conditions of the war, or due to poisonous gas. The soldier who experienced the later, plunges at the nearest men choking and drowning an image of a helpless, suffering person. Unlike the soldiers in Owens poem, in For the Fallen, the fighters fell with their faces to the foe, not to their companions in the middle of the battle, fearless and brave. The determination which they seem to possess suggests that they believe that their deaths have a higher purpose. This encourages the reader and the mourning families to have faith that their loved ones lives werent wasted, but contrarily represented a salvage for humanity. It seems that the greatest difference between the two poems lies in the way they portray death and their significance. In Dulce et Decorum Est the dying soldiers face is like a devils sick of sin with writhing eyes. The phrase implies that the soldiers committed the greatest sins, most probably killing, which this altered the way they viewed life forever. They seem to be sick not only of the war, but of the persons in which the war transformed them, into devils. The writhing eyes suggests the violent ending that they had, and it possibly implies that they never found peace. The mention of the devil together with this, insinuates that they will never go to heaven, but rather to hell. The phrase incurable sores on innocent tongues further emphasises the idea that the experience of the war severely damaged their character in a negative and irredeemable way. Incurable sores implies that the greatest wounds were not physical, but psychological, and this might be the reason why they will never find peace, not even the moment they die. In For the Fallen death is august and royal, thus dignified and splendid, something rather positive and good. This is because the sacrificed soldiers songs go to up into immortal spheres, suggesting the place where the dead soldiers found peace. This idea is repeated throughout the whole poem. The phrase they shall not grow old, as we that are left to grow old implies that the deceased soldiers are divine, angelic and eternal beings. Due to their valiant death, their gift is that of eternity, as if their vibrant, determined and brave souls were immortalised, and thus they will be forever young, forever in the best of their condition. The deceased soldiers march in the heavenly plains is as the stars that are starry in the time of our darkness. Heavenly and stars suggest that the divine fighters will always light upon the mortal humans, guiding and protecting them. Time of our darkness refers to the war, and how young men, in the hardest periods of their life, left their homes to save their loved ones, as they will always do from heaven. Binyon sees a continuation of life after death, and thats why the choice of the word fallen in the title, because the sacrificed young men never die. Contrarily, they seem to receive a better, divine existence, incomparable to that of their living fellows. This idea might very well surprise Owen, who suggests that the experience of the war turned the innocent soldiers into devils, who will never find peace in heaven, but will burn in hell thus the violent death of the soldier and the obscene cancer which infects him. The differences between the portrayals of the experience of war in the two poems in striking. Binyons account is patriotic one, which glorifies the fallen soldiers and gives meaning and divinity to their deaths. However, considering the time when it was written at the beginning of the Great War we can get a better understanding of the poets reasons for such an idyllic portrayal of the fighting. At the start of it, the government needed to make the idea of warfare an appealing one in order to have young men risking their lives in the battle . Thus the attractive and heroic depiction of the combating soldiers. At the same time, the poem tries to soothe the mourning families, and this explains the almost holly aura that encircles the deaths on the front. However, as time went on, people got tired of the war and the increasing number of deaths. Soldiers returning from the battle spread the world about appalling conditions and cruel, meaningless deaths. Owen, who wrote the poem by the e nd of the conflict, seems to be well informed about the direct experience of the war and at the same time he is aware of the patriotic and idyllic accounts that existed at the beginning of the fighting. This explains the angry, visceral and meaningless deaths which he depicts in his poem, almost as if he was angry about people lying and making war seem a worthy, purposeful thing. And indeed, his poem ends with a call to other people not to tell with such high zest/To children ardent for some glory, / the old Lie: Dulce et decorum est/ Pro patria mori (It is sweet, and honourable to die for ones country). Owen wrote as an answer to other poems such as Binyons which glorify the experience of war, and this is why he chose the title Dulce et decorum est, to arise the memory of the patriotic accounts from the beginning of the war, and then throughout his poem to shatter the old Lie. He personifies this lie with the capital letter, making it seem as a destructive, evil person. This is the reason why Owen sticks to visceral descriptions he prefers not to spare the reader, because he believes that the Lie is even crueller than the merciless reality of the war.

Capital Expenditures Essay -- Finances Financial Corporations Essays

Capital Expenditures Capital expenditures have a significant impact on the financial performance of the firm; therefore, criteria for selecting projects must be evaluated with great care. Of the two corporations the firm is deciding to acquire, Corporation B is clearly the better investment as shown in Table 1 supported by the following data: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, profitability index (PI), discounted payback period, and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) in addition to 5 year projections of income and cash flows. The 5 year projections of both Corporations A and B’s income statements and cash flows indicate that between the two corporations, Corporation B will maximize the firm’s value the most. This decision is further evidenced by the net present value obtained for both corporations. NPV is defined as the sum of the present values of the annual cash flows minus the initial investment. If the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows is positive, the project will be profitable. The NPVs for both corporations suggest that both projects are worthwhile, since each has a positive NPV, however, since the firm can only acquire one of the corporations, it must choose the acquisition of the corporation with a higher NPV – Corporation B. The Internal Rate of Return, IRR, is another business tool used for capital budgeting decision. IRR is the discount rate at which the present value of a series of investments is equal to the present value of the returns on those investments (NPV = 0). It is the compound return the firm will get from the project. IRR also takes into account the time value of money by considering the cash flows over the lifetime of a project. If IRR is greater than the discount rate, the firm may undertake the project in question. In this situation, acquisition of either corporation is worthwhile since each has an IRR greater than their respective discount rates, but since IRR gives the project’s compound rate of return, the project providing the higher compound rate of return should be selected which means that Corporation B is preferred to Corporation A. Both NPV and IRR analyses support the acquisition of Corporation B. In cases where a conflict exists between NPV and IRR as to which competing projects to choose, the project with the larger NPV should ... ..., the main concern should be on how the investment will affect the value of the firm’s stock more so than how long it takes to recover the investment that presupposes that the project does add value for stockholders. When using the payback period as a criterion for capital budgeting decision, it is better to use the discounted payback as it takes into account the time value of money although still inferior to NPV. In both projects, the initial cost is recovered even after discounting the cost of capital. In this situation, however, the difference in discounted payback period is negligible. In summary, after review of the 5 year projections of cash flows for both corporations and all other supporting data provided in this report, the firm should proceed with the acquisition of Corporation B. Had the firm have unequal projected years available to them for review, for instance, Corporation A had a 5 year projection of cash flows and Corporation B with a 7 year projection of cash flows, the decision outcome should be no different since analysis of NPV, IRR, MIRR, PI, payback period and discounted payback period will be carried out for the respective cash flows.

The Motives for Holding Inventory Explained

In the hustle and bustle of the Christmas season, retailers stock their inventory with dozens of Christmas items in anticipation of the holiday rush. When Christmas has passed, the store is left with Christmas items that did not sell. To make room for the next calendar holiday, the retailer will sell their Christmas overstock at extreme discounts. Whatever doesn’t sell will be restocked in inventory for the next Christmas season. The retailer is able to get a jump-start for the next Christmas season by placing last year’s Christmas inventory out in October. A good business operation understands that there will be times when holding inventory becomes crucial in their success. From not wanting to spend additional funds on restocking, to preparing for fluctuations in market conditions, motives for holding inventory are indispensable in inventory management. There are 4 motives for holding inventory: Production smoothing, inventories as a factor of production, stock-out avoidance, and work in progress (Gregory, 2007). Production smoothing, the first of the four motives, involves preparing for fluctuations in sales, as well as seeking a more economically sound way to continue production. When sales offset production either positively or negatively, inventories will rise or fall. With production smoothing, it is more logical to produce items at a constant rate (Gregory, 2007). The second motive is consideration for inventories as a factor of production. Let’s say that a drama teacher is looking for a Christmas tree in June for his â€Å"Christmas in July† production. The overstock from last year’s Christmas season assists in the retailer not losing business because they restocked Christmas trees that didn’t sell from last year. The third motive, stock-out avoidance, protects a business from contractual risk, as well as lost sales in the event of high demand (Fafechamps, 1997). With contractual risk, both the business and the client run the risk of not adhering to a contract, but in  the way of business, holding inventory provides better odds that the business will have what the client requires in order to conduct business and comply with their contract (Fafechamps, 1997). In addition to this motive, being prepared for unexpected demand is imperative in keeping business. For example, an unexpected freeze in the fall could cause people to shop in droves for firewood. The retailer who does not meet the demand will lose business and retain the reputation of not being sufficiently stocked. The final motive, although not really a motive at all, is work in progress. Any unfinished item in the store must also be counted as inventory (Gregory, 2007). If you have ever walked into a store to buy a specific item and found that the store does not have it in stock, you may avoid the store all together in the future. Holding inventory is important for both the business and the customer. It ensures repeated business and makes for smooth sailing. References: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gregory, Mankiw & Cronovich, Ron C. (2007) Investments and Inventory. January 2007. www.cwu.edu/~wassellc/ECON%20302/Investment.pdf. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fafechamp, Marcel, Gunning, Jan W. & Oostendorp, Remco. (1997) Inventory, Liquidity and Contractual Risk in Marketing. January 2007.