Business Environment Analysis For Marks And Spencer Economics Essay

Business Environment Analysis For Marks And Spencer Economics Essay My chosen organisation is Marks and Spencer. Marks and Spencer has six main objectives. The main goal of any business is to increase profit. This is done by working out the total revenue that the business has made from selling and costs of its product. For any business to survive, profit must be earned. Like any other business Marks and Spencer needs to increase its sales. To do this they must fulfill what the customer needs and desires. To increase their sales Marks and Spencer needs to attract new customers by for instance aiming for the younger market whilst at the same time ensure that its loyal customers are kept satisfied with a supply of products which cater for their needs. Marks and Spencer also have the objective of earning market leadership. In order to do this, they must become more competitive. By meeting the wants and needs of more customers as well as by attracting more potential customers and offering better quality for affordable prices, Marks and Spencer can oust the competition and achieve a high standing status in the market. Offering a high quality service is also one of Marks and Spencers objectives. In their annual report they claimed that no one cares more about quality than they do and in fact Marks and Spencer are well known for this. Like other businesses another objective for Marks and Spencer is growth. For Marks and Spencer to survive and to be competitive, the issue of growth must be attended to. By growing, the business is expanding globally and thus achieves recognition in different countries attracting different pools of clientele. The last objective of Marks and Spencer is rewarding shareholders. It is important for a business to keep the shareholders content since they are a fundamental source of investment. Marks and Spencer needs to make profit in order to maintain share holders as well as attract further investment. Each of these objectives has its own importance, neglecting either one of them would surely bring the organisation to a halt. Marks and Spencer has created a set of six priorities in order to better meet the objectives it has set out. The organization aims to retain their leading position in the market whilst improving their performance in certain sectors which do not make as much profit as other areas, such as for instance the food sector. In this way they can continue to satisfy the current customers they hold whilst attracting potential customers by focusing on better promoting one of the branches of their business. Through the optimization of margins, controlling costs and expenditure and maintaining a strong balance sheet, Marks and Spencer can ensure a better calculation of its profits and losses and thus have a better chance of securing its place in the market through the composition of a well-planned market strategy. Finally and by no means as a last priority, Marks and Spenc er deems it necessary to enforce high ethical standards. Essentially the organization has to increase its sales since this is the only way in which it will be able to make a profit. It therefore has to invest in its products and ensure that these are marketed well as its ultimate goal is to attract customers and keep them from going to their competitor. It is of no surprise that driving their international business is not a first priority since ultimately I think they would be better off ensuring that the organization is functioning with utmost profitability before seeking to expand to other areas. 1b) External stakeholders play an important part in the achievement of the business, this is because they sell to and purchase from the company, but they are not employed by the company. They are considered stakeholders as they stand to gain from the company. Some external stakeholders of Marks and Spencer are customers, suppliers and the general public. One of the most essential stakeholders of a business is the customer. The customers of Marks and Spencer purchase the products marketed by the company resulting in a profit for the organization. Without customers the business would not survive. Suppliers are external stakeholders as they sell their products to Marks and Spencer in exchange for a price; thus both parties benefit from this relationship. Marks and Spencer need to take care of their suppliers to ensure that the suppliers continue to provide them with good quality products for a reasonable price, so that in turn Marks and Spencer provides its customers with the same good quality products at competitive prices. Another important stakeholder is the general public. The organization must take into consideration various factors when developing products as well as their production processes. The reason for this is the impact and influence which such process or product may have on potential and actual customers. Marks and Spencer have to ensure that their goods are environmentally friendly and are produced in an environmentally friendly way. Having a means of production which creates high health or environment hazards will result in a decline of people purchasing the product, or potentially purchasing from that organization, therefore, a lower amount of sales and consequently a reduction in profits. 2) There are several conditions that affect demand in an organization. A change in a customers income is one such condition. If the purchaser does not have a good income to maintain himself or his family, then he will definitely not have enough money to treat himself to something that he wants, conversely, if the buyer earns a good income, he would be more likely to spend. Thus the rise in income is directly proportionate to the demand and affects it in such a way that with an increase in income, the consumer will tend to purchase more products than he would if he earned a lesser amount. Marks and Spencers offers high quality products with good value, thus people earning an average wage would definitely afford their products. A second condition is when a substitute product changes its price. The increase in the price of one good will direct to an increase in demand for the competing product. Another condition is when a price of a complementary product changes. Here one considers supplies that are in complementary demand, such as the demand for video players and video films. If Marks and Spencer sells DVD players at a cheaper price, the likelihood is that more DVD players will be bought. This will lead to a growth in market demand for DVD films. The changes in weather also condition demand. The price of a product fluctuates when either demand or supply changes. For example in good weather the supply of grains and oil normally increases. Customers will tend to purchase more when products are more readily available and are at a lower price. One can also consider the scenario where the change in climate or weather increases the demand as is the case in the sale of umbrellas when rain is expected. Another condition is the changes in taxation on the product. The implementation of a tax by the government affects product prices in such a way that the organization will have to raise its price in order to be able to meet the tax requirement, cater for the expenditure incurred for the purchase of the product as well as keep a percentage of profit from the sale. Thus one must assess whether the business can pass some or all of the tax onto the customer through a higher price without negatively affecting the demand. Clothes and accessories are essential products in todays world and affect all levels of society indiscriminately. A condition that relates to their demand is changes to tastes and fashions. Companies try to influence the varying tastes and preferences of households in favor of their products with the help of a good marketing and advertising strategy. The influence which these advertisements have on the public brings about an increase in demand for their products. Marks and Spencer offers a wide range of variety in clothes. They offer a selection of inexpensive to extravagant and luxurious products that cater for every pocket. Another condition is a change in the population, such as growth. Due to the inelasticity of demand of a product such as food; which will continue to sell despite any increase in price; as the population grows so does the demand. Consequently this leads to growth in agriculture and the expansion of cultivated land. I think in this type of situation the only thing that Marks and Spencer can do is generate more products so as to cater for a bigger demand by the growing population. Marketing in itself is a condition which affects demand. Marketers must pursue constant research and should not rely solely on their own judgment to determine whether marketing decisions need to be adjusted. When considering price adjustment, the marketer must investigate the effects which a change in price is likely to have on target market demand for a product. Understanding how changes in price affect the market requires the marketer have a firm understanding of the concept of elasticity of demand. This entails an evaluation of the price and how it alone affects the overall demand. This assessment necessarily requires one to consider the manner in which competitors may react to the marketers price change by changing the price of their product. Thus one here anticipates the market reaction and how this will affect company revenue. Marks and Spencer continue to strive to meet customer demand; the expansion of their websites offering free delivery and online deals clearly illustrates this. Marks and Spencer have continued to endeavor to provide a better service by increasing the number of people in their trading teams in order to focus on bringing the right products to the right stores, to meet the ever-growing demands of the customer. 3a) A mixed economy is when both the private and the public sector take part in the production, distribution and all other economic activities within a state. The mixed economy permits the inclusion of private contribution in the field of production in a situation of competition with an aim of achieving profit. This mixture of free enterprise and government control has been looked upon from varying perceptions; some claim it is beneficial whilst others believe it has no impact or is detrimental to the economy of that state. An advantage of a mixed economy is that it assists in increasing over-all production in the nation.  Private and public segments work hard in order to bring about more production. People can take the initiative to start companies on their own, whilst deciding what to produce and the prices they will charge for the goods or services that they offer.  Ã‚  Another advantage is the use of government revenue through the payment of taxes, these organisations obtain benefits such as those provided by government services like social programs, subsidies and other government incentive programs. The benefits of mixed economies have been witnessed by the growth of some states into some of the leading markets in the world such as those of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. Some disadvantages of a mixed economy are that businesses have to find their own niche in the marketplace for products, and that they have no control over the taxes they pay.  Companies often complain of tax rates being too high for the services and products they offer. Certain economists opine that in fact, mixed economies hardly ever accomplish the growth at which they are aimed. They also criticize the fact that the mixed economies do not make proper use of national resources. 3b) The current economic climate of the USA is a recession, as seen in the figure below. A recession is a phase of general economic turn down. This comes with a fall in the stock market, an increase in unemployment and a turn down in the property market. If a recession persists long enough it is often then classified as a depression. The last two depressions of the USA occurred in 1990-1991 and 2001, lasting eight months each and only two of the ten previous post-depression downturns lasted as long as a full year according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. Tony Fratto, the Deputy Press Secretary for the White House emphasized on the need for the American Government to take the necessary steps to bring the economy back to its full force. He propounded on the importance of returning the financial and credit markets back to their normal state, and to try to re-establish the housing market. Mr. Fratto also held that in order to reach stability the states must necessarily take cognizance of the current unemployment situation. Although there is no singular cause, one of the principal reasons given to explain the current economic recession was the housing downturn that resulted in losses of multibillion dollars for one of the nations leading banks as early as 2006. Furthermore, June 2007 was recorded as a period with the lowest rate of home sales and in December of the same year, the recession was deemed to have started. In 2008 due to a reduction in the labour market, the costs of living rose along with the unemployment rate, leading to a reduction in the peoples savings. In 2009/2010 the global markets continued to shift, unemployment increased whilst profits, interest rates, expenditure and investment continued to descend rapidly. Various commentators have stated that the present recession is one of the extended downturns since the Great Depression of the 1930s. What is President Obama doing to try to get out of the recession? President Obama requested Congress to provide him with an economic package the value of which amounted to more than 800 Billion Dollars in order to be able to cope with the current economic crisis. As part of his economic policy the President engaged in a series of talks with the banking sector to introduce new banking policies for the benefit of its customers. Monetary and fiscal policies are being updated, special care being taken so as to reduce the present economic crisis. Many US economic policies are being promulgated by government to stabilize the financial sector. A motion was put forward for the modification of health insurance in order to ensure better health for residents and counteract the repercussions that poverty might bring upon the American citizens. The introduction of new inventions and ideas would help in the economic development of the continent and generate a new source of investment and income. Currently, one can see an immense expansion being demonstrated in the area of computing, aerospace, medical and military equipment. 4a) Price intervention in the context of the European Community refers to a point when the world market price falls below the EU price, the EU interferes to buy the surplus product, in order to keep the price high. Fifty years ago, the importance of the EU agricultural policy was to supply enough food to a Europe coming from a time of shortages, due to war. The EU policy seeks to facilitate the route for producers of all forms of food; such as crops, fruit and vegetables; in order to enable them to compete with other producers on both a European and a global scale. The EU nowadays helps farmers by giving them payments to keep their lands in good condition and to meet the environmental and animal welfare standards, as an alternative to paying famers to produce more. The Common Agricultural Policy with the help of the Community, purchases farm products after the market price falls below the agreed level so as keep itself from the accumulation of Butter Mountains and Wine Lakes. The advantages of price intervention in the EU through the Common Agricultural Policy are that it provides incentives and measures to raise productivity and ensure reasonable living standards for the agricultural society. It also promotes the stabilization of the market whilst ensuring availability of food products at reasonable and realistic prices. The disadvantages are that due to an increase in productivity leading to a surplus which can result in Butter Mountains. These cause an increase in the tax load on EU Member States due to a rise in the contributions each must make to the budget. I think that the European Unions Agricultural policy is a necessary tool which allows farmers to maintain their jobs whilst keeping agricultural produce at a stable price for everyone to afford and thus minimalising waste and expenditure. http://europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4407792.stm 4b) Introduced in 1999, the European Economic and Monetary policy aimed to facilitate the free movement of goods, services, capital and labour. Full integration necessitates the harmonization of member states in certain sectors in order to achieve greater unity and symmetry. EMU in conjunction with other policies implemented by the European Community seeks to achieve this objective. Having the euro as a common currency has proved particularly useful during the recession because it provided more stability for countries within the Union by allowing them to deal with the economic crises in a strategic and co-ordinated manner. The benefits of being in the Euro-Zone are that goods, services and profits are easily moved across the national borders of the Unions member states. The Euro has gained strength over the years and now competes with strong-standing currencies such as the American Dollar. An additional benefit of the adoption of the EMU is that it is now becoming far easier to trade, travel and invest within the Union itself. However, in order to join the EMU, EU member states need to meet certain criteria. Every governments debt must be not exceed 60% of a countrys gross domestic product, the deficit must not be greater than 3% of the nations gross domestic product and the inflation rate must be reduced to below 3.2% and conversely government bonds producing 7.7%. Member States encounter certain additional problems when considering full integration with the European Union; these include dealing with tax, the application and transposition of different regulations affecting financial intermediaries along with security trading systems. In conclusion I would like to speak from my own personal experience as the citizen of one of the smallest member states in the Union. Malta adopted the Euro in 2008; the process of adjusting our economic and financial institutions to meet the established criteria was no easy one. The strive towards full integration is no easy task but so far has reaped many benefits, the only hope for the future is that it will continue to do so. http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=Economic-and-Monetary-UnionEMU http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication_summary12325_en.htm http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LZQpGtQWjRL2yvLcRhXHT5tv3vQhW31Mcq3jhc1qYn14HWcGPT4g!631636653!610724718?docId=5001841397 Bibliography 123helpme, (2010) Marks and Spencer objectives, [Online] Available: http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=149330 [Accessed 2/1/10] Blurit, (2010) Mixed Economy [Online] Available: http://www.blurtit.com/q917361.html [Accessed 20/1/10] Economy Watch, (2010) Mixed economy, [Online] Available: http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/world-economic-indicators/mixed-economy.html [Accessed 20/1/10] HNC/D Module 1 Course Notes, RDI, 2005. MS Full Annual report and financial statements 2009 Directors report [Accessed 2/1/10] Net MBA Business Knowledge Centre, (2010) Price elasticity of demand, [Online] Available: http://www.netmba.com/econ/micro/demand/elasticity/price/ [Accessed 10/1/10] Trading Charts, (2010) How Supply and Demand Determine Commodities Market Prices, [Online] Available: http://futures.tradingcharts.com/learning/supply_and_demand.html [Accessed 15/1/10] Kevin Colby, News. Politics. Liberty, (2010) Americas Current Economic Condition, [Online] Available: http://kevincolby.com/2008/10/26/americas-current-economic-condition/ [Accessed 21/1/10] Chris Isidore, CNNMoney.com senior writer, (2010) http://money.cnn.com/2008/12/01/news/economy/recession/index.htm http://www.economywatch.com/economic-policy/us.html http://www.economywatch.com/finance/public-finance/public-finance-and-public-policy.html http://www.unb.ca/news/view.cgi?id=1715 http://www.investorwords.com/4086/recession.html

Malaysian Legal History Essay

The Straits Settlements were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia. Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company, the Straits Settlements came under direct British control as a crown colony on 1 April 1867. The colony was dissolved in 1946 as part of the British reorganisation of its south-east Asian dependencies following the end of the Second World War. The Straits Settlements consisted of the four individual settlements of Malacca,Penang (also known as Prince of Wales Island), Singapore (with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands). The island of Labuan, off the coast of Borneo, was also incorporated into the colony with effect from 1 January 1907, becoming a separate settlement within it in 1912. With the exception of Singapore, Christmas Island, and the Cocos Islands, these territories now form part of Malaysia. The Island of Penang in highligh was under the governance of Sultan of kedah however its noted that after the esthablishment of English East India company an agreement was penned by the Ruler of Kedah and the company for penang. Now in judging what is the â€Å"’lex loci† of the island will require answers to two questions as below: i) Was the Island a â€Å"settled† or â€Å"ceded† colony?. ii)Was the law of Kedah to be applied to island of Penang on ground that the island was â€Å"ceded†? For the first 20 years after esthablishment , it was noted that the only law in place was â€Å"Regulations of 1794† or â€Å"nature of law†. On March 1807, the English Crown granted the first charter of justice, which resulted in the esthablishment of Court of Judicature in Penang. The effect of this charter could be seen in Kamoo v Basset, In re Goods of Abdullah and Reg v Willans. The Kamoo v basset (1808) case, notes that the plaintiff a native of Bengal, had agreed to be an employed by the defendent who was an army officer in the Bengal Native Infantary. However upon severe mistreatment by the employer an Police Majistrate complaint was made by the plaintiff. The plaintiff filed and action for assault,battery and false imprisonment against the defendent,claiming damages for $600. The verdict in short noted payment to plaintiff in $150 with cost. In the Goods of Abdullah (1835) is noted the principle issue is whether a Muslim,who died in Penang,device his entire property by means of will? However it was decided that the will of Abdullah being esthablished as a valid instrument. In the case of Fatimah Ors v Logan Ors it was noted that since 1786 , Penang being then a desert and uncultivated island,inhabited except by few intinerant fisherman and without any fixed institution was ceded by the Rajah of Kedah to Captain light,an office of EIC,for and on behalf of the company. This fact was important in this case in view of the platiff’s petition to obtain a decree of the court declaring that the deceased died intestate. Three preliminary question arised in this case which were, i) Wheter the capacity of the deceased to make a will is to be decided by Mohamedan or by English law. The verdict was given as the deceased’s capacity to write a will will be decided by â€Å"lex loci† and not by Mohamedans law. Other Important cases in aspect of the â€Å"lex loci† includes Choa Choon Neoh v Spottiswodde, Isaac Penhas v Tan Soo Eng, Shaik Sahied v Sockalingam Chettiar. Reception of English Law in Malay States. As noted earlier common law and equity was applied in the straits settlements by virtue of the three charter of justice. The charters however did not apply to the Malay states. The introduction of the Resident system in Perak according to the Pangkor Treaty 1874, allowed the introduction of english styled courts by the Sultan and english judges were appointed. It should be noted that beggining with the civil Law Enactment No 3 of 1937,such judicial practise received the official stamp of approvalby legislature. Section 2 (i) of the enactment provides that â€Å"save in so far as other provision has been or may hereafter be mada any written law in force in the federated Malay states,the common law of england,and the rules of equity,as administrated in england at the commencement of this Enactment shall be in force in the Federated Malay states. On case which can be disscussed in terms of â€Å"common law† are the Goverment of Perak v A.R Adams (1914) , which concerns damage to the plantiff’s land by the defendent. The question which was arised was wheter the defendant is exempt from liability on the ground that he was without wilfulness or negligence using his land on the principle that a man must use his own land and not to damnify another. The court found the defendent guilty under all circumstances he is liable for the damage caused. In re the will of Yap Kwan Seng, which the deceased gave direction in his will that his hose and land be held in trust for ever for a family house for ancestral worship and as family burial ground in accordance with chinese customs. The Issue before the court was whether such a custom was valid a not. The arguments made were (1) That the rule against perpetuities does not excist in and should not be adopted in the federated malay states, (2) That even if the rule be applied,the trust are saved from offence agaist it, (3) That having regard to chinese customs the trust should be regarded as religious and charitable and therefore without offence to the rule. During the proceeding of this case it was noted that the rule agaisnt perpetuities has never been applied in the states. However it was concluded that to regard these trust either as trust for religious purposes or as trust concerning or benefitting the community at large or any portion of it,it follow that there is no way to be sa ved or excepted from repugnancy to the rule of perpetuities and are therefore void. In the case of permodalan plantations sdn.bhd v Rachuta sdn.bhd (1985) can be discussed as legal set off which is based on english statute is not included in the expression â€Å"the common law of england†. Only equitable set –off is part of the local law and consequently the court can only deal with and equitable set-off.

Chocolate business plan Essay

Introduction The market leader of the chocolate industry in India, Cadbury, is a British subsidiary of the American multinational confectionary, food and beverages conglomerate â€Å"Mondelez International†. Cadbury, is the second largest confectionary company in the world, close on the heels of Mars, Inc. In India, Cadbury owns a market share of 66 %, significantly ahead of the other multinational company operating the same space for many years, Nestle India, as well as other national, international and regional brands like Amul and Ferrero. Cadbury India began its operations in India in 1948, and has been a trusted and favored brand for decades in India. The market share has decreased from 70-80% in view of entry of other international chocolate companies in the Indian market, however it is still significantly large. Cadbury figures in the Brand Trust Report, 2011 in the Top 100 Most Trusted Brands in India. While Cadbury sells products in several categories such as candy, gum, beverages and chocolate confectionary, this report is aimed at studying the marketing strategy employed by Cadbury India in view of its chocolate confectionary business. Some of the products in this category include the highly popular Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, Temptations, 5 Star, Dairy Milk Shots, Celebrations, Perk and Toblerone. In order to analyze the marketing strategy for Cadbury, this report begins with a SWOT analysis of the company. Environmental Analysis Political Food Safety Act 2006: Detailed and exacting regulations, for standards of production as well as imported chocolates, exist in India. Opportunity. Cadbury is better equipped to follow standards in production than smaller regional or local brands. Strength. Expand into the rural areas before local or regional companies focus on the rural market. Import Tax Rates on Chocolates: A tariff rate of 30% is levied on chocolates. Opportunity. Strength. Demand for premium chocolates at affordable prices can be encashed before foreign entrants can grow their roots within the Indian industry by introducing and aggressively marketing domestically manufactured premium chocolates. Economic Per Capita Spending Patterns: The biggest consumption category in India is Food. Spending in this amounts to almost 21% of the Gross Domestic Production. People, on average, spend 31% of their budget monthly, on food. 70% of the food spending is on agri-products, which incorporates candies and confectionary including chocolates. Two-thirds of this spending is on processed products. Domestic spending on food is expected to grow at a compounded 3 annual growth rate of 4% and billed to reach approximately 320 billion US dollars in value within the next 7 years. USD 841 million is spent on chocolates and confectionary in India. Opportunity. In households across income groups, a large share of money spent goes towards processed agricultural products including chocolates and other confectionary items. This can be encashed by developing effective channels to reach out and sell to lower and lower middle income groups. Strength. Socio-Cultural Social and cultural acceptability of products: There is an increasing acceptance of chocolates as an equivalent of traditional sweets in urban areas. Chocolates are, however, still seen as a luxury food item in rural areas. Opportunity. Chocolates are increasingly being seen as an equivalent or substitute for traditional sweets in terms of the convenience it offers when used for gifting on occasions. Strength. Cadbury is already working on this approach to sell to urban consumers. Rural consumers can also be reached out to and offered chocolates as a new gift item replacing sweets leading to increased sales. Technological Constantly improving technology in chocolate making leads to better tasting products as well as more convenient storage. Opportunity. Strength. Cadbury has the financial capability to invest in R&D and has already produced products that are better suited to Indian tastes and storage conditions that other foreign entrants into the industry are not yet as well adapted to. Natural factors. Climate for Cocoa Production: Cocoa, used to produce chocolates can only be grown in regions 15 degrees to the north or south of the equator. Cocoa, originally a crop native to the Amazon basin, can only be grown in the southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is not a commonly grown crop. Threat. Lack or scarcity of domestic cocoa producers can affect production costs of chocolates within the country. Strength. Cadbury has encouraged farmers in Kerala to produce cocoa since the 1970s and is now in the process of promoting Cocoa as an inter-crop plant for coconut growing farmers. Successful pursuance of this connect with the farmers would help Cadbury procure raw material at lower prices within the country. Consumer behavior Age composition: 66% of the population is below the age of 35. Opportunity. It implies that a huge part of the population can be encouraged to take up consumption of chocolates more frequently and will be met with less resistance than that put up by older consumers with already set eating habits. Strength. 4 Competition Traditional Sweets: Very widely available and traditional choice, but inconsistent in hygiene levels and taste. Threat. Build on image of chocolates being a better and more hygienic choice, which adheres to food safety standards set out by the Govt. Build on image that chocolates are a more sophisticated choice for gifting carrying greater meaning than ‘mithai’ from neighbourhood sweet shops. Strength. Confectionary items like candies, cakes and icecream: Candies are easily available and appeal to children who have traditionally been the target consumers for chocolates. Threat. Cadbury can emphasize more strongly that chocolates are not meant only for children but for adults as well who may not prefer to eat candies. Cadbury chocolate can be offered as an experience, that is not replicated by eating candies and conectionary items. Strength. Entry of several foreign players: As India is seen to have a rapidly growing chocolate consuming country, with people willing to spend not only on inexpensive smaller packs of chocolates, but also premium chocolates as well, foreign players have started foraying into the market with the hope of establishing a presence in the premium sector at least. Threat. Cadbury can increase its foothold in the premium sector of chocolate industry by launching and promoting premium chocolate brands with higher cocoa content which could be priced a bit lower than the foreign brands. In fact, Cadbury is already in the process of implementing such a strategy through the introduction of Bournville and Toblerone. Strength. Suppliers Global network: Half of the cocoa sourced for chocolate making by Cadbury is from sources around the globe, including countries like Ghana, for its famous brand Bournville. Opportunity. Cadbury can source the majority of its cocoa from farmers in India through contract farming, while importing from foreign countries specifically for certain brands only. This will help reduce loss due to global fluctuations in cocoa bean prices and also reduce transport or shipment costs. It will also help create an even more positive image in the eyes of the Indian population. Strength. Dealer network: Cadbury has CSR activities directed at the farmers who are producing cocoa on contract for Cadbury in the state of Kerala. Opportunity. Cadbury is now in the process of extending these activities to farmers in 3 more southern Indian states. This will help cement positive relations between the cocoa growers and the brand, which may put it at an advantage when compared to new foreign entrants in the country like Ferrero or Mars, Inc. Strength. 5 Advertising environment Use of role models: Trustworthy role models in the media, when used as Brand Ambassadors, give a much needed push to the further acceptance of a product. Opportunity. Cadbury has been able to utilize this by roping in celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, thus emphasizing the idea that even adults can have chocolates, since even a person of Amitabh Bachchan’s stature has not shied away from having them. Cadbury also has the financial power to rope in more high profile celebrities for the same. Strength. Availability of media and ad agencies: Several media channels like TV, Radio, newspapers are available for Cadbury to advertise on. Opportunity. Cadbury has been advertising its chocolates heavily throughout, to keep the brand on top of the mind recall. There have been innumerable ads by Cadbury that have long stayed on people’s minds and even evoked nostalgia, indicating a deep connect of the brand with the audience. Strength. Segmentation Cadbury segmented the consumer based on age. Till the 1980s, chocolates were seen as a luxury item which were eaten only on special occasions or used to reward children with. Despite being the market leader already at this time, Cadbury decided to reshuffle their marketing strategy and position chocolates as a snack and an everyday item of consumption rather than a special treat. In order to do this, the first step was to segment the consumers. Geographic or occupation based segmentation would have proven less relevant in helping raise revenues generated from chocolate sales. The segmentation was done on the basis of age. The existing segment of choice for Cadbury had been children up to the age of 14 who had been driving the consumption of chocolates until the 90s. The other segment that the consumers could be grouped into was the adult population. Targeting The decision made to target a segment is based on gauging the segment attractiveness of the segment. During the 90s, with a rise in the population of the 15-35 year olds, combined with a surge in income and spending power due to the simultaneous opening up of the economy, made the adult segment an attractive one and since then, it has been targeted by Cadbury. Being the market leader already, switching to this target consumer group was not a difficult move for them, in terms of channel attractiveness of the segment. The existing channels which served the consumers until the 90s, such as kirana stores, need no resource intensive special adaptations to serve the youth consumer group as well. Alongside this, competitive attractiveness of the youth segment was also high since no other chocolate company had targeted this consumer group so far. Although this meant 6 Cadbury needed to put in extra marketing effort to change the social acceptance of chocolates in this group, it also translated into a first mover advantage for them. Positioning Positioning is the decision of how the brand wants to be perceived as by the target consumer group vis-a-vis competitors. Cadbury has positioned itself to cater to specific needs and attributes that the target consumer group looks for. Cadbury’s objective was to engage the customers of the adult age group. In the early 90s, Cadbury had the leading share in the market but the volume of sales in terms of per capita consumption was very low compared to western countries. This was also because consumption of chocolate by children was strictly governed by adults and hence increasing per capita consumption within the children consumer group was not a feasible option. In order to widen the net of consumers, Cadbury had to increase the social acceptance of chocolates in the adults age group. This was done through the means of extensive and successively huge ad campaigns which eventually lowered the attitudinal barrier that existed. Cadbury had wanted to and has successfully moved from the perception of chocolate being a children’s product to a celebratory/gifting product, and more recently an indulgence product (For instance Cadbury Silk). In 1992, Cadbury launched a series of aggressive ad campaigns starting with ‘Real Taste of Life† which showcased adults eating the chocolates on their own and not in a parent role or buying it as a reward or a way to say sorry to loved ones. This included the famous ad â€Å"Kuch khaas hai zindagi mein† which showed adults enjoying the taste of chocolates on their own. Later on, Cadbury launched a campaign for Perk which said â€Å"Thodi si pet pooja† which emphasized the use of the chocolate as an any time snack to satisfy hunger, which was a marked shift from the earlier perception of chocolates. Later, to promote Cadbury chocolates as an alternative to traditional desserts, the â€Å"kuch meetha ho jaaye† campaign sought to change perceptions once again, this time including the entire family consisting of elderly grandparents also in the ad to show acceptance of the Cadbury chocolates as dessert. By tying chocolates to Indian customs, and festivals, like Celebrations especially for Raksha Bandhan and Diwali, Cadbury has come a long way from the â€Å"Real Taste of Life† campaign, and â€Å"Indianized† itself in order to entrench itself within the minds of the adult population in India. Marketing Mix – 4 Ps Product/Service Product There are four types of products by Cadbury India, and this report is focused on the Chocolates category. These aim to satisfy the hunger need as well as relaxation and convenience need (easily available snacking option). In order to satisfy these needs, the 7 product is available very easily, at least in the urban markets and in various sizes. Cadbury chocolates are branded so as to represent some emotional core values like family values, and togetherness, but at the same time, they are also branded as a fresh, satisfying, convenient product. Place Cadbury has 6 company-owned manufacturing facilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thane Induri (Pune) Malanpur (Gwalior) Bangalore Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) Hyderabad There are 4 sales offices, one each in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate office is in Mumbai. In terms of distribution, Cadbury chocolate products are sold directly to wholesalers and retailers. The network comprises roughly 2100 distributors and 4,50,000 retailers. The chocolates are sold through Kirana stores, gift stores, medical stores, canteens, paan shops, bakeries and so on. Price The generally established price point for chocolates in India is Rs 5 and Cadbury has 4 products at this point including Dairy milk, 5 star, gems and perk. This price point accounts for half of chocolate sales in India. At the same time, Cadbury sells multiple differently sized packs on a range of prices, going up to higher, premium priced products as well such as Bournville. In this way, Cadbury has a hold on various price points available to various groups of consumers based on their appetite for spending. Promotion Cadbury promotes its products through various media channels. It uses mainly television ads with strongly featured taglines that get associated with the products easily. There is some amount of seasonality in the market in the way that demand ideally goes up during festive season due to gifting needs and Cadbury launches special ad campaigns around those times to encash on this increased demand. National level competitors like Amul have been unable to match up to the scale of promotions undertaken by Cadbury. Regional players hardly advertise on a big scale through campaigns. However, its MNC competitor Nestle has its own promotional ads and campaigns that seek to rival Cadbury’s and sometimes directly challenge the Cadbury ads. 8 Recommendations 1. In view of the recent entry of foreign players in the market, though Cadbury does not face the threat of losing a significant amount of its existing customers, for instance, those who buy Dairy Milk or Perk, there is a possibility of losing out on potential customers who are interested in premium chocolates. Since this is a rapidly growing industry, and being the established market leader, Cadbury should focus on its premium chocolate brands in a big way through more visible ad campaigns and promote their products based on the brand equity they have built through the years. 2. While leveraging the lower cost of Cadbury premium chocolates vis-a-vis foreign chocolates, Cadbury must take care to ensure it does not go the Tata Nano way, as lower prices in the premium segment may be perceived as lower quality in the product delivered as well. 3. As it has already managed to successfully position chocolates as a snack for children’s as well as adults’ consumption, it can now focus on activating the elderly consumer segment which is typically more resistant to chocolates compared to traditional sweets and feel guilty on indulging in chocolates even if not restricted by health reasons. 4. Cadbury can now change the positioning of certain specific products or introduce new products to cater to â€Å"instant energy† giving needs similar to Mars bars abroad. 5. Recently, a 20-calorie chocolate has been developed in the UK which is now being sold at Michelin starred restaurants. Cadbury can also direct some of its R&D endeavors towards developing a similar product which would give the company a distinct edge over competitors and help tap into a new markets and increase their consumer width. 9 NATIONAL BRAND 10 Introduction Amul is an Indian dairy Co-operative based out of Anand in Gujarat. The co-operative started off as the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers Union in December 1946. The Co-operative was set up by the milk producers of the Kaira district of Gujarat who felt cheated by the unfair trade practices. The co-operative collected processed and marketed milk and was co-owned by the milk producing farmers of the district. The brand Amul was used by the Kaira District Co-operative to market its brand of milk products. By the 1970s the Co-operative model had become highly successful and spawned similar Co-operative in other district s of Gujarat. In order to combine together and expand their market while not competing with each other, the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), an apex marketing body of these district co-operatives was set-up in 1973. The brand name of Amul which was held by the Kaira Union was transferred to GCCF. Today, the GCCF is the largest food product marketing organisation of India. The co-operatives collect around 10 million litres of milk per day from around 3 million milk producer members of the Co-operative. Its current turnover is around Rs. 140. 0 billion. Amul started producing and marketing chocolates in 1970. It currently markets 6 different chocolate brands namely Congtas, Fundoo, Chocozo, Bindaaz, Rejoice, Almond Bar, Fruits and Nut and Amul Cooking Chocolate. Current market share of Amul chocolates is just 4% as compared to market leader that is 66%. The main reason behind such low market share is lack of promotion and more focus on dairy products. Environmental Analysis Strengths ? ? ? Raw material (milk) security: Major raw materials for the production of chocolates are Cocoa, milk and sugar. Milk supply is secured for the company which protects it from any volatility in prices. High brand awareness: Amul through its concerted marketing over the last 5 decades has created a brand that is synonymous with good quality. The brand has also become a symbol of successful Indian entrepreneurship that has positively impacted the lives of millions of small farmers, hence there is a sense of patriotism and pride associated with the brand as well. Strong distribution network: Amul has been marketing and supplying milk through a pan India distribution network which supplies milk and milk products to independent retailers but also to its own milk parlours. 11 Weakness: ? ? ? Low market share: Amul chocolates have a low market share in the Indian chocolate industry. The brand, though having a strong recall value, is not primarily associated with chocolates. The market leader in the chocolate industry in India is Cadbury with 70% market share followed by Nestle at 20% market share. Co-operative structure of Amul: Due to the Co-operative nature of GCMMF, there is limited capital infusion in the company. As a result there is a limited scope for aggressive product launches or diversification. Volatility in Cocoa prices: Unlike the major chocolate producing companies in the world, Amul does not own a cocoa plantation. The prices of cocoa are volatile in nature as they are dependent on the international demand supply dynamics. Not having a cocoa plantation of its own exposed the company to volatility in prices of this raw material. Opportunities: ? Huge untapped market: The per capita consumption of chocolate in India has increase from 40 gm per person in 2005 to around 110 gm per person currently. Though this is impressive growth in itself it is still much lower than the per capita chocolate consumption, in countries like Ireland or Belgium which have a chocolate consumption per person of more than 11 kilograms or even USA or Australia which have chocolate consumption per person of around 5 kilograms. There is thus a huge untapped market for growth in the chocolate industry in India. Corresponding Strength: Since Amul has a strong â€Å"Brand awareness†, people would be willing to buy new products launched under its brand name. Amul can launcha variety of new chocolate products for youth and kids. ? Gifting: Gift hampers consisting of chocolates has been a successful marketing strategy by companies like Cadbury. Amul too has the ‘Rejoice’ brand especially for this purpose however there is scope to launch or aggressively advertise this. Corresponding Strength: Since, Amul is a strong brand name and has a strong distribution network, It can very well advertise the gift packs like rejoice and can introduce new brands catering to the same need. ? Advertising: Amul need to advertise and carry out lot of promotional activities to inform the consumers that still exist and can provide them with what they want. It’s been years that Amul’s chocolate advertisement has been telecasted on India’s major television channels. Sales promotions like discounts and free samples can also help them to increase the Brand awareness and attract customers to switch brand from competitors. Big brands use a celebrity as a Brand Ambassador for its product. 12 For example Amitabh Bachchan for Cadbury & Rani Mukherjee for Nestle, Amul can also use a brand ambassador for the promotion of its chocolates. Corresponding Strength: Amul has a huge turnover of around Rs 140 billion and is a financially strong company and has enough funds to carry out the needed advertising campaign and promotions. By spending a small percentage of revenue on advertising campaigns Amul can increase its market share to a large extent. ? Low rural penetration of chocolates: There is significant awareness of the Amul brand even in rural India. The company can leverage these launch cheaper brands targeted at the rural segment which has till now stayed away from chocolate consumption. Corresponding Strength: Amul has been marketing and supplying milk through a pan India distribution network. It has a strong distribution network in rural areas. Amul can leverage this strength and can launch cheaper products in rural market. Threats: ? Strong competition from foreign multi nationals: There is significant potential in the Indian chocolate industry which has been attracting international competition. Companies like Cadbury have been launching premium swiss chocolate brands. Also other premium chocolate brands like Ferrero Rocher are making their presence felt in India. Corresponding Weakness: Since â€Å"Amul† is mostly related to its milk products and has not made its presence felt strongly in the chocolate industry, its still far behind its competitors like Cadburys which is a very aggressive player in the chocolate industry. Amul faces tough competition and to handle the same it needs enormous marketing and advertising campaign and introduction of new chocolate products under its brand name. ? Low brand loyalty in chocolate industry: Chocolates are impulse purchases and compete with categories of soft drinks, snacks and other beverages. Although people may like a particular type of chocolate (dark, milk, white, etc. ) there is not a significant brand loyalty. Hence this presents a threat to established players in the market. Corresponding Weakness: Since Amul has significantly low popularity in chocolate industry and also people are picky while selecting a chocolate, there is not a single chocolate brand product under its brand which enjoys strong loyalty from consumer side. Also, people like to try different kinds of chocolates and are not necessarily inclined towards a single chocolate product. Since, Amul does not offer a large variety of chocolates; therefore it is at a weaker position in the chocolate industry. 13 Segmentation Geographic segmentation: Chocolate consumption is concentrated in urban areas of the country. Chocolate consumption in rural areas of the country may be considered negligible. Chocolates are still considered as a luxury product by the population and are hence consumed by the middle and the upper classes of society which reside in the towns, cities and metropolitan centres of the country. Amul chocolates are thus marketed in these areas of the country. Demographic segmentation: Amul chocolates are mostly segmented its consumers into various age groups like the children, adolescent and youth segments of the society. Since, chocolates are particularly liked by children and middle aged and older generations refrain from eating it citing health concerns due to high sugar content of chocolates. Targeting The brands of Amul chocolates like Fundooz, Bindaaz, Congrats etc. have been named to be attractive to the younger generation who use these words in their daily lexicon. There has been a strategy by the company to provide a young, dynamic and fun loving character to its chocolate through such branding. Amul chocolates also markets two brand namely Amul Cooking Chocolate which is targeted towards the homemakers and professional cooks and chefs. Positioning Positioning is the decision of how the brand wants to be perceived as by the target consumer group vis-a-vis competitors. Amul has positioned itself as an affordable, â€Å"value for money† chocolate. Since, it has mostly targeted kids and youth, it is still considered as a snack unlike cadbury’s product like Celebrations which is considered as gifting option. Amul has not positioned itself as an alternative to sweets or has not developed its product to actually cater to an emotional need. It is simply a chocolate available at a lower price. Marketing Mix. Product Amul has a very low range of products in its chocolate business. There are only 8 chocolate brands that Amul offers as of now in the market and these are Congrats, Fundoo, Chocozo, 14 Bindaaz, Rejoice, Almond Bar, Fruits and Nut and Amul Cooking Chocolate. The problem is that there is no clear differentiation between the products that it offers. For example Cadburys is catering to a different need corresponding to its individual Chocolate product. ? ? ? ? ? Product Dairy Milk Dairy Milk Shots Bournville 5 Star Perk Need Milk Chocolate (Basic taste and style). Small balls of chocolate (Circular unlike chocolate bars) Dark Chocolate Sweeter in taste with honey as an ingredient Crispier with wafer inside However, Amul completely ignores such kind of differentiation between its products and hence their product can be easily substituted by their own products apart from the competitor’s product. Another important factor is packaging because majority of the consumers is kids and youngsters who like attractive packaging. Most kids buy chocolates not just because they like chocolates but also because of the attractive wrappers. Packaging used by Amul stands low on appearance parameter. Also, it lacks a common theme or â€Å"top of the mind† recall point. For example, Cadburys is strongly associated with blue wrapper and more than brown it’s the colour blue that we associate with a chocolate. As compared to this, Amul’s packaging is weak and lacks lustre. Amul needs to make changes to its product (chocolates) like introduction of more flavours and attractive packaging because the wrappers Amul uses is not at all attractive compared to those used by Cadbury and Nestle. This would keep them in competition with competitors like Cadbury and Nestle. 15 Pricing Second P of marketing that is Price is often confused with blindly lowering the prices of different products and completely relying on this strategy to increase sales. However it is of extreme importance to divide the target group on the basis of their price sensitivity and purchase power. Every customer segment has different price expectation from the product. To maximize the returns, it is important to identify the right price level for each segment and then progressively moving through them. Amul has launched various chocolate products to cater to different segments of population. Pricing must take into account the competitive and legal environment of the industry. Majority of people in India live in villages and have low disposable income. With such a heavy competition in the chocolate market, Price plays a very important role. Amul pricing strategy has been â€Å"Value for Money†. Amul’s believes in giving value for money to its customers and it has always followed that principle. Its products are of high quality and available at affordable prices. For example, Cadbury’s â€Å"Fruit n Nut† is priced at Rs 35 per 42 gm pouch whereas Amul’s Fruit and Nut is sold at just Rs 25 per 40 gm. Amul offers same quality at a price 30% lower than its competitor. Amul has not launched any premium (high price) product in its chocolate business. Place Place in marketing is considered as the channels of distribution through which products move from the manufacturer to the consumers. The channels of distribution mean intermediaries or middlemen who act as a link between the manufacturer and the consumers. Factors that need to be considered when choosing the place are the characteristics of the product, characteristics of the buyers, control and competitors channels. Since chocolate is an edible product, Amul should adopt an intensive distribution strategy wherein they will manufacture products and make it available at various shopping malls, food joints, local stores, Chocolate parlours etc. Corresponding to its strong distribution channels, Amul currently has very low visibility. It needs to increase the visibility through offering discount to retailers along with buybacks to convince them to store the Amul Chocolates. Since Amul is a â€Å"value for money† brand it can be placed anywhere from small kirana shops to big malls. Amul has a big brand name because of its dairy products. They can easily use it to increase the awareness of its chocolates using various distribution channels. 16 Promotion Promotion refers to exchange of information between an organization and the consumer of its products. Consumers here include Customers, shareholders, employees, government and other parties related to the products like trade union and media. The aim of promotion is to inform the consumers, differentiate from other products and to persuade them to buy. There are many techniques of promotion like Advertising, Sales promotions, Direct Marketing & Personal selling. Amul has been criticised for lack of promotion. Amul has a strong brand name because of its dairy product leadership. Amul must advertise its chocolates using media like newspaper, television and internet to inform the public about the quality & the price of its product. Amul has totally shifted its focus from chocolates towards milk and other milk products and have totally ignored chocolates. Using the mediums like Television and newspaper the company needs to remind the public that they are back with improved products at an affordable price. 17 Recommendations 1. Amul needs to introduce new varieties of chocolates and improve its existing ones. 2. They should introduce milk chocolates like Nestle’s Milky Bar, Chocolates with fruits and nuts like Cadbury has its Fruit and Nuts, Mint chocolates like Nestle’s After Eight etc.

The Economic Growth Of China - 1503 Words

Over the past three decades in China, it goes without saying that it was miracle that economic growth increased rapidly. For the size of gross domestic product (GDP), China grew by around 10% per year on average, so that it became the second largest economy in the end of 2012, behind the United States. During the last 30 years, the GDP per capita raised from $205 to $6075. One of the most crucial achievement is that China, the largest exporter and the second largest importer, ranked NO.1 in the world for foreign exchange reserves, reaching $3.3 trillion. However, despite the benefits for achievement in China, the problem also cannot be ignored. Because of the rapid population growth, people got great pressure for the cost of†¦show more content†¦China focused on economic and technological development, coastal economic development, riparian regions development, and island regions development, in order to get wider for outside world and obtain more opportunities through the ec onomic globalization. The trade and investment was the most important driver for sustainable development. Meanwhile, China started to consider more about the disadvantaged agriculture and service industries from the advantaged manufacturing industry. Hence, as the result of the opening-up policy, China not only promote its own economic and technological development, but also benefit in interaction with the rest of the world. In addition, continuously improved economic structures was also a main factor. In 1987, industrialization and urbanization were the two major drivers for economic development. There are two ways to make productivities more efficient. On the one hand, as a developing country, it is more benefits that hiring more labors and supporting the urbanization. On the another hand, population is the biggest problem that people need to think about it. If the real urbanization ratio in China is lower than the developed countries, or lower than the average of the developing countries, it is difficult to follow the process of urbanization to support economic growth. The last main factor for rapid economic growth is high savings andShow MoreRelatedChina Economic Growth774 Words   |  3 PagesEconomic growth means the increase in the real GDP over time. It can be caused by an increase in an aggregate demand or aggregate supply. However, long-term economic growth mainly results from an increase in aggregate supply for instance increased capital, etc. Growth accounting is the tool to estimate the contributions from various sources to economic growth. It is the growth of GDP explained by weighted growth rates of other variables. 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The Lost Secret of Research Paper Apa Template

The Lost Secret of Research Paper Apa Template The Nuiances of Research Paper Apa Template While there are invariably an unlimited number of suggestions to grab, a number of them have been overused. It is helpful to compose an outline so as to organize your ideas and your source material before you start reviewing the reference material. Thus you should choose an approach point of view in which you control over your work. When you've already decided what topic you are going to be writing about, the following thing you ought to pay attention to is the range of your paper or what you're going to be including in your discussion. Attempt not to procrastinate, the more time you must work on the paper the simpler it will be. Then write the abstract part of your paper only after you're completely finished writing your paper. Making a research paper is not a simple matter to do. Writing a research paper is sort of interesting as you dig into various interesting material to place in your paper. Nobody will argue that It's quite challenging to compose an academic paper if there's no structure for it. Your name appears double-spaced too, under the paper title. If you would like to compose a productive assignment, you need to take very great care of all the features, layout, structure, grammar etc.. Additionally, anyone interested in the topic matter of the research paper can look to the section to discover extra sources to find out more. Not only are you going to be in a position to better understand the works you're building on, but your network of citations may supply you with further fuel to make your own one of a kind work. Your document may have an intricate structure, especially in the event the principal body will be big. How to Get Started with Research Paper Apa Template? You could also use a citation maker to aid you in formatting your references. A citation is comparatively easy to make. The citation is only going to be sorted right after the document is ex ported to the internet generator. A more complete citation should show up in the reference list at the close of the paper. For your work to be accepted in the area of academia, it's very critical for you to structure your paper according to a certain research writing format whether it's an MLA or APA writing style. Writing a research paper may be challenging and time consuming approach. The academic writing falls in the class of formal as it's impersonal. Much like a math problem, a diagram helps students learn to implement MLA format by themselves. Generally speaking, it is nearly not possible for a student to understand how to compose a superb academic paper. Students could rather seek the help of writing companies. They need to be able to communicate effectively with their supervisor and panelists in a way that conflict is not stirred. The Hidden Secret of Research Paper Apa Template There are many advantages to hiring APA editing services. An APA editor makes certain that the prepared document follows the appropriate style. The abstract may be quite brief, but it's so essential that the official APA style manual identifies it as the most significant paragraph in your whole paper. MLA research style doesn't comprise a unique software, but it allows several possibilities meant for recording main qualities of a work. There are a number of MLA title rules. Should you need help formatting citations in MLA, you may also seek th e services of a professional an academic editor to assist. Writing using the MLA format works cited generator is essential. You might be accustomed to writing papers in another format like MLA or Chicago style, so it may take a while to find the hang of writing in APA format. Research Paper Apa Template Can Be Fun for Everyone The paper must increase the present body of knowledge in the subject of research. In case you're not able to do the research paper as a result of any reason, you can rely on ProfEssays to write for you in accordance to your requirements. There various steps one must follow so as to create a very good research paper. A research paper represents a person's own perceptions and how an individual comprehends a particular topic. The Ultimate Research Paper Apa Template Trick The editor's communication may also indicate how well the both of you will get the job done together. The editors can utilize Microsoft track changes so that you will have the ability to find out what has been changed. The absolute most important thing when selecting an editor through an on-line editing service is to locate somebody who keeps your voice in the manuscript while at the exact same time improving the flow, clarity, and grammar. An APA editor with a huge repertoire of writing skills will understand how to present the ideas in the strongest way.

Total War During World War II - 1367 Words

Definition: What is meant by the concept of Total War? Total war is best described as a country’s 100% effort. All means of production and accomplishment are geared towards what is the best way to win a war. How was WWII the maximum example of Total War? Most Allies and Axis countries, namely Germany, had geared their economy towards pouring all their resources into the attempt of winning the war. In no other war was this done as much as it was during World War II. Mass Produced Warfare: Compare the military production of the various major Allied and Axis powers during WWII. What observations can you make about the outcome of the war based on this information? There are many ways of defining military production, but in the broadest way,†¦show more content†¦By not taking in other factors, and by looking at production amounts only, it is obvious that the Allies would win. There was no means of resources that the Axis powers excelled in, and had few people who fought in the war. Both sides of the war had at this time undergone industrial revolutions, had at least somewhat equal caliber machinery. This means that it would be almost physically impossible for the Axis to defeat the Allies. Strategic Bombing: What do the websites say about the effectiveness of bombing campaigns in disrupting the war effort of the Axis during WWII? According to the majority of the information on the websites, the bombing campaigns put in place by the Allies were not very effective. The main goal of the bombing campaigns were to break the morale of the Axis citizens, specifically Germany. This was done by instead of fully wiping out cities, leaving them only half damaged to show the power of the armies. However, these bombings did little to no damage to the will of Germans. People still were willing to support the Nazi cause. The German economy was very much destroyed, thanks to the bombing efforts, but military production was still proceeding, as the Germans were prepared for the Total War involved. It is also stated that as a result of the bombings, Germany’s mobility was shrunken, as they could not move as fast as they wanted. What about the collateral damage involved? The amount of collateral damage that the

Ethical Considerations of Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court free essay sample

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for (CMRJ 500) March 21, 2011 Abstract Juveniles in the criminal justice system are a special population. Throughout history juveniles have been looked at as needing to be protected from the harsh realities that face adults daily. The juvenile justice system has primarily operated in a parens patriae capacity and protected the rights of those that were legally incapable of protecting themselves such as minor children and the mentally ill. From 1987-1993 the juvenile homicide rate doubled causing critics and conservatives to questions the approach of the juvenile justice community calling it ‘soft on crime’ Steiner  amp; Wright,  (2006). There are strong arguments on both sides of the debate regarding placement of juveniles into the adult criminal justice system. When looking at the issues surrounding juvenile waiver policy it is helpful to remember that young minds can still be molded, and transformations can be easier to achieve with young minds than with adult minds. Due to this idea, and the fact that the juvenile justice system has historically been geared towards rehabilitation rather than punishment, therapy rather than retribution should be foremost in the minds of people involved in juvenile waiver processing and policy making. In the following pages the issues surrounding juvenile waiver will be analyzed from an ethical standpoint. Issues with subjects such as restorative justice, deterrence, conservative arguments, liberal arguments, super predators, flaws in the system, and an informed conclusion based upon what the studies imply about the effect of juvenile waiver on our youth. Keywords: Juvenile waiver, Juveniles in adult court, Juveniles in prisons Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction4 Literature review 5 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Court officials must do a balancing act when dealing with adjudicated juveniles dispositions. The interests of public safety need to be balanced with the needs of the youth when making decisions about which level of constraint is required in regards to juvenile dispositions. There is a considerable amount of argument about whether juveniles should be subject to the adult criminal justice system. This is to say that a juvenile who has committed a violent person offence cannot necessarily be put out in the community on probation and in many people’s opinion they should be punished more severely. For the safety of the public the juvenile in this case must be incarcerated or put into an institution. Are we really doing the juvenile involved justice by going as far as putting him in an adult institution though? Are there less restrictive ways to insure the safety of the public while still taking the juveniles needs into consideration? Less restrictive ways that would rehabilitate the juvenile rather than label him as delinquent or a lost cause and put him in prison have always been supported by the juvenile system. The juvenile justice system is, and has for the most part been geared towards rehabilitation of the offenders. This is due to the age of the offender and the fact that the juvenile, in most cases, will be released someday. For this reason, it is in our best interests to advocate for successful reintegration programs for juveniles, rather than harsher sentencing. Juvenile justice is a very important subfield of criminal justice. Many in the criminal justice field view deterrence at the juvenile level, from future criminal ideations, as the answer to much of the crime problem. If this tenet is followed then it makes sense to try to deter the unlawful behavior in juveniles before they turn into the next population of adult convicts. Many say that the answer is to give juvenile offenders harsher penalties including the use of adult sanctioning and more punitive practices. Others advocate for treatment and protection from the adversarial nature of the adult system in the spirit of the, not so long ago history of our juvenile system. Our juvenile justice system is still, for the most part in its infancy. The first public reformatory was founded in 1825 in New York. It was called the New York House of Refuge and was designed to help youth that were poor, abused, or orphaned with clothing, food, and shelter Champion, (2005). It wasn’t until 1945 that all states had passed legislation to establish a separate juvenile court system Champion, (2005). Before the establishment of these juvenile courts systems youth were dealt with by civil courts and other non-legal entities. We have come a long way from these humble origins and we still have a long way to go. In the last 60-70 years many things have changed and we have had to implement different strategies in attempting to find the most efficient way of dealing with juvenile crime. One of the more controversial practices in the juvenile justice system is the use of the adult court system to give harsher penalties. This strategy has been implemented in the hopes of frightening youth into desisting from further delinquent actions. Literature Review On any given night a person can turn on the news and hear numerous stories about juvenile predators and crime spree’s. During the late eighties through the mid nineties there was a dramatic rise in juvenile crime. This trend peaked in 1994 with over 13,000 cases being waived into adult courts Adams, amp; Addie, (2007). The chart shown below shows that the goals of increasing waivers for violent person offenses was not accomplished and that the majority of juvenile offenders that were waived was for property offense rather than for violent crimes. The decline in crime from 1994-2007 is attributed to an actual decline in crime, but also could be due to the statutory waiver laws that require certain crimes that are committed by juveniles to be filed directly in adult courts. By automatically waiving certain cases juvenile statistics do not show these cases at all. The offense profile and characteristics of cases judicially waived to criminal court have changed considerably Offense/ demographic 1985 1994 2007 Total cases waived 7,200 13,100 8,500 Most serious offense Person 33% 42% 48% Property 53 % 37% 27% Drugs 5% 12% 13 % Public order 9% 9% 11% Gender Male 95% 95% 90% Female5% 5% 10% Age at referral 15 or younger 7% 13% 12% 16 or older 93% 87% 88% Chart provided by Adams, amp; Addie, (2007). This dramatic shift in crime rates of violent juveniles was mostly portrayed in the media. The power of the media over public opinion gave rise to the term ‘super predator’ being used to describe juveniles being accused of and convicted of heinous crimes. Many thought that these types of violent crimes were reserved for the adult population. This caused outcry from the public to get tough on crime. During election years politicians would say that they would enact tougher laws to deal with crimes and criminals. This brought legislation to light that would shift juvenile policies from its historical parens patriae doctrine to a more punitive system that aimed to exact a price that fit the crime from the offender. Juvenile transfer to adult court allowed juveniles accused of serious offenses to be tried in adult court to make the punishments more severe and still maintain the juvenile system’s rehabilitative nature. This was a shift that was brought about by people such as Florida representative Bill McCollum supporting adult sanctions for juveniles, saying serious juvenile offenders should be thrown in jail, the key should be thrown away and there should be very little or no effort to rehabilitate them Redding, (1999, p. 1). Before going into some of the arguments for and against the use of juvenile waiver the ways in which it is implemented will be discussed briefly as they pertain to how the use of this provision can be just or unjust in some cases. There are three general forms of juvenile transfer. Concurrent jurisdiction laws allow prosecutors to use their good judgment and decide whether to file a case in juvenile court or directly to criminal court. Statutory exclusion laws award criminal courts original jurisdiction over specific classes of juvenile offenses. Judicial waiver laws authorize or, sometimes require juvenile judges to remove certain youth from juvenile court jurisdiction to be tried as adults in criminal court Adams, amp; Addie, (2007). The debate over juvenile transfer to adult court it has been waged for many years regarding whether juveniles should be tried and punished in the adult criminal justice system or should be kept within the juvenile system. There are several valid arguments on both sides. Proponents of adult sanctions for juveniles that commit certain crimes state two major goals for juvenile waiver to criminal court. The first was the sentencing hypothesis. This hypothesis states that the juvenile system is too lenient and therefore, it is necessary to transfer juveniles to adult court to give them harsher penalties. The second theory that has been touted as the answer to juvenile crime issues is the deterrence theory. This theory states that if the punishment is severe enough the youth will be less apt to commit crimes or think twice before they do at the very least. The sentencing hypothesis for the most part is unfounded. However, one case that demonstrates that juveniles transferred can get, to a large extent, harsher sanctions in the adult system is defendant Joe Harris Sullivan who was sentenced to life without parole for a non-homicide crime at age 13. This case is one of two cases used to challenge the use of life without parole as unconstitutional. This challenge is based on the eighth amendment’s disproportionality principle that states that the sentence cannot be grossly disproportionate to the crime Hudson, (2009). Sullivan is 33 years old now, confined to a wheelchair, and one of only two people that was sentenced to life without parole at age 13 for and offense that was non-homicide Hudson, (2009). He also still contends that he was not the one who committed the crime and that it was an older co-defendant instead. This case is a good example of the possibility for extremely severe sanctions being given to youth that have been tried in criminal court. Many juveniles transferred to the criminal court receive longer prison sentences in 11 out of 16 categories, than adults who committed comparable crimes Mole, amp; White, (2005). The deterrence hypothesis involves the theory that the fear that a youth can be transferred to adult court and given a sanction such as the one given in the case of Sullivan will make a youth afraid to commit severe crimes. The logic behind this theory is sound, it stands to reason that the threat of severe consequences and the loss of liberty or even life would make anyone think twice before committing a violent or severe crime. The deterrence theory contends that there must be three precepts before achieving deterrence. There must be certainty, severity, and celerity. While some cases that are transferred show severity, and celerity they usually are not certain and many youth receive probation or the case is dropped. The opponents of adult sanctioning for juveniles show considerable reasoning to support their stance on this subject. There are many studies that discount the reasoning that supports the deterrent effects of adult sanctioning and show that it does not deter re-offending patterns among juveniles. There is also reasonable support for not transferring youth based on the lack of maturity and possibility of rehabilitation being higher among youth. Another consideration is the resulting adult incarceration can do considerable damage to youth through learning theories and increased threat of physical assault. The last consideration with respect to supporting non-transfer is the fact that many youth are not transferred for violent offenses in the majority of cases but are transferred for misdemeanor offenses and nonperson offenses. To have a deterrent effect on juveniles there are three guidelines that need to be present to achieve the effect that is desired. While in some cases severity in sentencing for youthful offenders transferred to adult court has been supported many studies find that severe sanctioning of juveniles is not supported by the research. One study found that transferred youth did not receive harsher penalties, were not necessarily imprisoned, and did not necessarily receive longer sentences than their adult or their juvenile counterparts Urbina,,  amp;  White,  (2009). One measure of the deterrent effect is the rates of recidivism for youth waived to adult court. The majority of studies have found either no effect or negative effects on recidivism rates for transferred juveniles. This is supported by Jordan amp; Myers, (2008), Mole amp; White, (2005), Redding, (2010) amp; (1999), Sellers  amp;  Arrigo,  (2009), and Steiner  amp; Wright,  (2006). One study of long term recidivism showed short term recidivism results were comparable to most studies showing higher rates of recidivism for transferred youth but over the long term rates were more matched and showed no significant differences between transferred youth and non-transferred youth Winner, Lanza-Kaduce, Bishop,  amp; Frazier,  (1997). Overall the deterrence theory is not supported by studies. The literature suggests that psychological maturity is not assessed in the waiver process Sellers,  amp;  Arrigo, (2009). The reality that juveniles still struggle to define their identity means it is less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character, , for a greater possibility exists that a minors character deficiencies can be reformed. Kennedy wrote for the majority in Roper vs. Simmons in 2005 Hudson, (2009). This evidence suggests that juveniles may be committing adult crimes but that they do no grasp the gravity of the consequences and in this should not be exposed to the dangers of the adult prison systems. The damage that can be done to juveniles is much greater than some would expect. There are unintended psychological consequences to diverting youth into the criminal court system. The sight and sound provisions do not apply once the youth is transferred this causes youth to be housed with adult populations Mole, amp; White, (2005). Due to this fact they are 7. 7 times more likely to commit suicide and 5 times more likely to experience sexual assault within the adult prison system Mole, amp; White, (2005). This raises serious concerns about the psychological damage that can be done to a juvenile put into this situation. Ethical considerations and peacemaking values would question this practice from all of the three perspectives of connectedness, caring, and mindfulness. There is also a considerable amount of juveniles that, when interviewed state that they earned more about criminal mores and how to commit crimes from their adult interactions Redding, (2010). When the laws regarding juvenile waiver were enacted their main purpose was to target youth that were either violent offenders or that were repeat offenders that did not respond to treatment given in the juvenile system. However, when these laws were expanded to make transfers easier, it had a profound impact on the population that was effected. The expansion made transfer possible for youth that were not violent and also extended transfer to youth accused of misdemeanor, and even status offenses in some cases. In other words, children were being transferred for the wrong reasons. In 1999 only 34% of youth transferred were for violent person crimes, 40% involved property offenses such as theft, 16% were drug offenses, and 11% were public order offenses Mole, amp; White, (2005). Many of these laws were made as statutory exclusions which took away the courts power of discretion and automatically transferred youth even when it may not have been warranted. All in all many of the youth that are transferred are not necessarily violent offenders and in many cases overall they would be better off in the juvenile system where they would receive the treatment that they desperately need to be successfully reintegrated at some point. Studies even show that the treatment that is denied to youth that are transferred is effective in rehabilitating even the violent offender populations so the consequences to youth that are transferred seems to outweigh any possible benefits Redding, (1999). Conclusion One very important question regarding juvenile transfer laws is do the ends justify the means. In this case the overwhelming evidence shows that juvenile waiver does not accomplish any of the goals that were set for it. Even if the three precepts of certainty, severity, and celerity for deterrence are present and working as they should the main measure of deterrence is the recidivism rates going down to show that juveniles are effectively being deterred from further criminal behaviors due to the harsher sanctions of criminal courts. In this case the overwhelming majority of research points to the fact that waiver to adult court is actually doing more damage than good. When assessing policy implications from the research some important implications are pointed out as a result of research. The first is to limit the use of transfer to violent crimes and consider using evidence based practices and rehabilitation that has been proven to be effective for juveniles instead of waivers that have proven to be ineffective Redding, (1999). The sentencing and deterrence theories that proponents say will occur as a result of juvenile transfer are proven again and again to be ineffective in getting the intended results. Because of the preponderance of evidence that points to the ineffective policy of waiving juveniles to adult criminal courts it makes sense to make these laws only applicable in cases of murder and certain violent crimes. Experts have come up with several reasons why the rates of recidivism are so high for juvenile that are waived they are. * The stigmatization and other negative effects of labeling juveniles as convicted felons. * The sense of resentment and injustice that juveniles feel about being tried and punished as adults. * The learning of the criminal way of life and behaviors while incarcerated with adult offenders. The reduced focus on rehabilitation and family support in the adult system Redding, (2010). From an ethical standpoint the use of juvenile waiver should be reserved for only the worst of the worst offenders and should be applied much more judiciously in the future. Transferring youth into the adult courts does more damage than it is worth and in most cases the e nds do not justify the means.